| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite
beta-D-glucose. Glucose oxidase specifically binds to beta-D-pyranose glucose and catalyzes its oxidation to D-glucono-1,5-lactone, with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using oxygen as the electron acceptor. It does not act on alpha-D-glucose. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
The process of electrons moving from oxidizing to reducing agents is catalyzed by glucose oxidases, a subclass of oxidoreductases. The enzyme glucose oxidase releases hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen as an external electron acceptor. A wide range of commercial procedures employ glucose oxidase, such as enhancing food items' color and flavor, prolonging their shelf life, extracting glucose from dehydrated eggs, and removing oxygen from various juices and drinks [4].
Glucose oxidase (100-250 u/mg) exhibits antibacterial activity in the presence of oxygen and glucose due to the generation of H2O2. In cell-free systems, one unit of glucose oxidase oxidizes 1 micromol of glucose per minute at pH 5.7 and 37degC. The Michaelis constant (Km) for D-glucose is 4.9×10-2 M. pH stability range is 5.5-7.5 (25degC, 18 hours) and thermal stability is <40degC (pH 5.7, 60 min). |
| ln Vivo |
No direct in vivo activity. When administered systemically, glucose oxidase generates H2O2, which can cause methemoglobinemia and transient hypoglycemia. In rats, IV administration (50-200 U/kg) induces hepatic oxidative stress and hepatocellular necrosis. Preclinical safety studies show acute toxicity is primarily due to methemoglobinemia and hypoglycemia, but the enzyme is considered safe for human trials at appropriate doses.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
(1) Glucose oxidase activity assay: Mix glucose oxidase solution (0.1-10 U/mL) with 100 mM glucose in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.7, 37degC). (2) Incubate for 10-30 minutes. (3) Add horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and chromogenic substrate (e.g., o-dianisidine or ABTS), incubate for 5-10 min. (4) Measure absorbance at 500 nm (o-dianisidine) or 405 nm (ABTS). (5) Calculate enzyme activity using a standard curve of H2O2. One unit = 1 micromol glucose oxidized per minute at pH 5.7, 37degC.
|
| Cell Assay |
(1) Seed cells (e.g., C6 glial cells or cancer cells) in 96-well plates overnight. (2) Treat with glucose oxidase (0.1-100 mU/mL) in the presence of 5-25 mM glucose for 4-48 h. (3) For cytotoxicity: add MTT or CCK-8 reagent, measure OD. (4) For apoptosis: stain with Annexin V-FITC/PI and analyze by flow cytometry. (5) For ROS detection: add DCFH-DA (10 uM) for 30 min, measure fluorescence at 485/535 nm. Glucose oxidase generates H2O2, which can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis.
|
| Animal Protocol |
(1) For acute toxicity: Use 6-8 week old Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g). (2) Administer glucose oxidase IV at 10-100 U/kg or intraperitoneally (IP) at 50-500 U/kg. (3) Formulation: dissolve in sterile saline or PBS (pH 7.0). (4) Monitor animals for 14 days; collect blood at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h for glucose and methemoglobin levels. (5) At necropsy, collect liver, kidney, lung for histopathology. (6) For subchronic toxicity: oral administration at 2000 mg TOS/kg bw per day for 90 days in rats.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Standard formulation for in vitro: dissolve in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.7-7.0). For IV administration in animals: dissolve in sterile saline or PBS (pH 7.0). Store at -20degC, protect from light, avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Stability: powder stable for 3 years at -20degC; solution stable for 6 months at -80degC. Enzyme activity decreases over time at room temperature. Inhibitors: Cu2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Mn2+ ions have an inhibitory effect on glucose oxidase.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity in vitro: Glucose oxidase (100 mU/mL) generates H2O2 and is cytotoxic to most cell types. In vivo acute toxicity in rodents: IV LD50 ~ 50-100 U/kg in rats; IP LD50 ~ 200-500 U/kg in mice. Toxic effects include methemoglobinemia (mean concentration 36% at highest dose), transient hypoglycemia (as low as 35 mg/dL), hepatocellular necrosis, and acute lung injury. Subchronic oral toxicity in rats: NOAEL = 2000 mg TOS/kg bw per day (margin of exposure at least 1286).
|
| References |
[1]. Konishi T, et al. Safety evaluation of glucose oxidase from Penicillium chrysogenum [published correction appears in Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013 Aug;66(3):300]. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;66(1):13-23.
[2]. Leskovac V, et al. Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger: the mechanism of action with molecular oxygen, quinones, and one-electron acceptors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37(4):731-750. [3]. Wang M, et al. Recent Advances in Glucose-Oxidase-Based Nanocomposites for Tumor Therapy. Small. 2019;15(51):e1903895. [4]. Khatami SH, et al. Glucose oxidase: Applications, sources, and recombinant production [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 11]. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2021;10.1002/bab.2165. |
| Additional Infomation |
β-D-glucose is d-glucose pyranose with a β-configuration of its anomeric carbon atom. It is an epitope and a metabolite in mice. It is the enantiomer of β-L-glucose. It is a major energy source for organisms. β-D-glucose is naturally found in fruits and other parts of plants, existing in a free state. It can be used for treatment with fluids and nutritional supplements.
Glucose oxidase has been studied for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. β-D-glucose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxacyclohexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol has been reported in hops, Acer rubrum, and other organisms with relevant data. β-D-glucose pyranose is the β-isomer of D-glucose pyranose, a simple synthetic monosaccharide that can be used as an energy source. D-glucan can be oxidized in various tissues under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions via glycolysis, producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Yeast polysaccharide, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan derived from the yeast cell wall, is a structural component with potential immunostimulatory activity. After administration, yeast polysaccharide can target, bind to, and activate certain Toll-like receptors, primarily TLR2 on leukocytes and dectin-1 on macrophages. Activation of TLR2 and dectin-1 can stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and enhance the innate immune response. β-D-glucan is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Yeast polysaccharide (note moved to). Glucose oxidase is a widely used enzyme in biochemistry, biosensors (glucose monitoring), food preservation (oxygen removal), and clinical chemistry (enzymatic determination of glucose). It is not a drug and has not been approved by the FDA for systemic therapeutic use, though it has been investigated as a component of nanomedicines for cancer therapy. The enzyme is derived from Aspergillus niger and is available for research use only. |
| Exact Mass |
154.026
|
|---|---|
| CAS # |
9001-37-0
|
| Related CAS # |
26874-89-5;133947-06-5
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| PubChem CID |
64689
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
513.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
146 - 150 °C
|
| Flash Point |
226.8±23.6 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.0 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.603
|
| LogP |
-0.75
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
12
|
| Complexity |
151
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
|
| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~50 mg/mL
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01883440
Conditions:Common ColdLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01883427
Conditions:Upper Respiratory Tract InfectionsProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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