| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Succinate is a key intermediate in the TCA cycle, where it is converted to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II). It also acts as a signaling molecule via its receptor SUCNR1 (GPR91). Unlabeled succinic acid has been shown to have anxiolytic activity in animal models.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, succinic acid (0.1-10 mM) can stimulate mitochondrial respiration in isolated mitochondria and activate the SUCNR1 receptor. However, the labeled compound is used as a tracer, not for activity assessment. Unlabeled succinate has no direct cytotoxicity in most cell lines at low millimolar concentrations.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, unlabeled succinic acid (10-100 mg/kg, oral) exhibits anxiolytic effects in rodent models (elevated plus maze, open field test). It also acts as a signaling molecule in the kidney and liver, modulating blood pressure and glucose metabolism. The labeled compound is used as a tracer.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cell assay uses isolated mitochondria or tissue homogenates. Succinic acid-13C4 is added at 1-10 mM and incubated at 37degC for 10-30 minutes. The conversion to fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate is measured by GC-MS or NMR by tracking the 13C label through the TCA cycle.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell studies, Succinic acid-13C4 is added to culture medium of hepatocytes, neurons, or cancer cells at 0.5-5 mM for 1-6 hours. Cells are harvested, metabolites are extracted, and 13C enrichment in TCA cycle intermediates is analyzed by LC-MS to map carbon flux.
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| Animal Protocol |
In animal studies, Succinic acid-13C4 is administered to rodents by intravenous tracer infusion (e.g., 10 mg/kg bolus followed by continuous infusion) or by oral gavage. Blood and tissue samples are collected at multiple time points to measure 13C enrichment in succinate and downstream metabolites.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Succinic acid-13C4 has identical ADME to unlabeled succinate: it is a small polar molecule (MW 122.06) rapidly absorbed from the gut (oral bioavailability ~40%), transported via monocarboxylate transporters, and metabolized in the TCA cycle. Plasma half-life is 15-30 minutes.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Succinic acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food additive. Unlabeled succinic acid has an oral LD50 >2000 mg/kg in rats. High doses (≥500 mg/kg) may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. The labeled analog is non-toxic at tracer doses.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Succinic acid-13C4 is used as an internal standard for LC-MS/MS quantification of succinic acid in metabolomics and clinical diagnostics (e.g., for succinate dehydrogenase deficiency). It is also used in tracer studies for TCA cycle flux analysis in cancer, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and mitochondrial disorders. Store at room temperature as a solid.
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| Molecular Formula |
13C4H6O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
122.06
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| Exact Mass |
122.04
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| CAS # |
201595-67-7
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| Related CAS # |
Succinic acid;110-15-6
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| PubChem CID |
16213533
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.408g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
235ºC
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| Melting Point |
187-190ºC(lit.)
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| Index of Refraction |
1.477
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| LogP |
-0.6
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
92.6
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[13CH2]([13CH2][13C](=O)O)[13C](=O)O
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| InChi Key |
KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-JCDJMFQYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/i1+1,2+1,3+1,4+1
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| Chemical Name |
(1,2,3,4-13C4)butanedioic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL (~819.3 mM; with ultrasonication)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (20.48 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (20.48 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline and mix well. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (20.48 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.1927 mL | 40.9635 mL | 81.9269 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.6385 mL | 8.1927 mL | 16.3854 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8193 mL | 4.0963 mL | 8.1927 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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