| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| Targets |
Mitochondrial dynamics machinery. M1 is a promoter of mitochondrial fusion. Its mechanism involves inducing elongation of mitochondria, likely by modulating the activity of mitofusins (Mfn1 and Mfn2). It has been shown to induce elongation in Mfn1-/- or Mfn2-/- MEFs, suggesting a unique mechanism independent of these classical GTPases, potentially by activating OMA1.
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| ln Vitro |
In fibroblasts with knockouts for Mitofusin-1 and Mitofusin-2, mitochondrial elongation is promoted by mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (5-25 μM; 24 h) [2]. In BRIN-BD11 pancreatic β-cells, mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (20 μM; 12 h) increases mitochondrial membrane potential from 0.29±0.05-fold to 0.5±0.07-fold, decreases mitochondrial ROS to 1.0±0.44-fold, and restores mitochondrial structure [3]. The impairment of pancreatic beta cell oxygen consumption rate caused by cholesterol exposure is prevented by the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (20 μM; 12 h) [3]. In cholesterol-rich pancreatic beta cells, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and non-mitochondrial respiration are not impaired by mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (20 μM; 12 h) [3]. In pancreatic beta cells treated with cholesterol, the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (20 μM; 12 hours) reinstates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) [3].
In vitro, M1 (Mitochondrial fusion promoter) protects cells from mitochondrial fragmentation-associated cell death. It is a cell-permeable compound that enhances mitochondrial fusion and function. In breast cancer cells, it has been used to study the effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha expression, linking mitochondrial morphology to transcriptional regulation of metabolism. |
| ln Vivo |
Rats with myocardial I/R injury are considerably protected from brain damage by the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (2 mg/kg; iv)[1].
In vivo, M1 has shown significant efficacy in reducing brain and cardiac damage in rats suffering from cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. By preserving mitochondrial network integrity and function during the ischemic insult, it mitigates cell death and tissue damage. It also improves novel object recognition in rats (2 mg/kg), suggesting cognitive benefits, potentially through enhanced neuronal energy metabolism. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For cell-free assays to study mitochondrial fusion, it is not a classic enzyme assay. Instead, mitochondria are isolated from cells and incubated in a buffer containing an energy source (e.g., GTP) and the compound M1. Fusion is assessed by monitoring the change in mitochondrial size using light scattering (turbidity) or by a FRET-based mitochondrial fusion assay using differently labeled mitochondrial populations.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular morphology assays, cells (e.g., MEFs or HeLa) are treated with M1 (1-10 uM) for 6-24 hours. Mitochondria are stained with a fluorescent dye (e.g., MitoTracker Red CMXRos). Cells are imaged using confocal microscopy, and mitochondrial morphology is quantified (e.g., aspect ratio, form factor) to measure fusion. For cardioprotection studies, cardiomyocytes are subjected to simulated I/R in the presence of M1, and cell death is measured by LDH release or TUNEL staining.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male Wistar rats (250-300g) receiving cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)[1]
Doses: 2 mg/kg Route of Administration: Iv 15 minutes before cardiac I/R injury Experimental Results: Increased brain mitochondrial fusion. Increased blood -brain barrier (BBB) tight junction protein, and decreased macrophage infiltration in the brain. decreased brain mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, but it did not reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress. decreased the expression of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related proteins. For efficacy studies, a rat model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is used. M1 is administered, likely via intraperitoneal injection, prior to or at the time of reperfusion. Cardiac function is assessed by echocardiography, and infarct size is measured by TTC staining. Brain tissue is collected for the novel object recognition test and for histological analysis of neuronal damage. Effective doses include 2 mg/kg for behavioral improvement. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 is a small molecule with a molecular weight of 364.05 g/mol and a molecular formula of C14H10Cl4N2O. It is a lipophilic compound with high purity (≥98% HPLC). For in vitro studies, it is dissolved in DMSO. For in vivo studies, it requires a specialized formulation (e.g., in a 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween-80, 45% saline vehicle) due to its poor water solubility. It should be stored at -20degC.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for M1 are limited. It is described as protecting cells from death rather than causing toxicity. However, material safety data sheets classify it as a research compound. Standard precautions should be taken: avoid skin contact, eye contact, and inhalation. It is not for human use. High doses or prolonged treatment may have off-target effects on mitochondrial dynamics in non-target tissues, but specific acute toxicity values (LD50) are not reported.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 (CAS 219315-22-7) is a research-grade chemical. It is not an FDA-approved drug. It is a unique tool compound that bypasses classical mitofusin pathways to promote fusion. It is used to study the link between mitochondrial dynamics (shape) and functional outputs such as ATP production, calcium buffering, and apoptosis regulation. It is often compared to mitochondrial fission inhibitors like Mdivi-1.
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| Molecular Formula |
C14H10CL4N2O
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| Molecular Weight |
364.05
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| Exact Mass |
361.955
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| CAS # |
219315-22-7
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| PubChem CID |
135445551
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
5.914
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
21
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| Complexity |
370
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C/C(=N\NC1=C(C=C(C=C1Cl)Cl)Cl)/C2=C(C=CC(=C2)Cl)O
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| InChi Key |
CYVDGZYJHHYIIU-FBCYGCLPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H10Cl4N2O/c1-7(10-4-8(15)2-3-13(10)21)19-20-14-11(17)5-9(16)6-12(14)18/h2-6,20-21H,1H3/b19-7+
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| Chemical Name |
4-chloro-2-[(E)-C-methyl-N-(2,4,6-trichloroanilino)carbonimidoyl]phenol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 50 mg/mL (137.34 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.71 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. Solubility in Formulation 2: 0.5 mg/mL (1.37 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 5.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: 0.5 mg/mL (1.37 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7469 mL | 13.7344 mL | 27.4688 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5494 mL | 2.7469 mL | 5.4938 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2747 mL | 1.3734 mL | 2.7469 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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