| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
MPP+ iodide targets mitochondrial Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the electron transport chain. It inhibits Complex I activity with an IC50 of 690 nM, disrupting oxidative phosphorylation and leading to ATP depletion. MPP+ iodide is selectively taken up by dopaminergic neurons via the dopamine transporter (DAT), resulting in selective neurotoxicity. The compound does not generate oxygen free radicals during its initial toxicity phase, enabling clean dissection of energy-crisis pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
Cell viability is significantly decreased by MPP+ (1-3 mM; 24 hours) [1]. It is currently thought that inhibition of NADH-related cellular respiration may be the final molecular mechanism of MPP+ neurotoxicity because MPP+ also inhibits the activity of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NADH)-related respiration in mitochondrial preparations, impairing aerobic glycolysis [3].
In vitro, MPP+ iodide demonstrates dose-dependent cytotoxicity in neuronal cell lines such as SH-SY5Y. It inhibits mitochondrial Complex I, leading to reduced ATP production and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The compound shows concentration-dependent inhibition of NADH-linked respiration in isolated mitochondria. MPP+ iodide is used as a positive control for mitochondrial-driven, DAT-dependent neurodegeneration studies and induces Parkinsonian pathology in experimental models. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, MPP+ iodide is used to induce Parkinson's disease-like pathology in animal models. When administered to rodents, it is taken up by dopaminergic neurons via DAT, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP depletion, and eventual cell death in the substantia nigra. The compound produces behavioral and neurochemical deficits characteristic of Parkinson's disease, including motor impairment and loss of dopaminergic neurons. MPP+ iodide is a standard tool for modeling Parkinson's disease in preclinical research.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme inhibition assay for MPP+ iodide typically involves measuring Complex I activity in isolated mitochondria or submitochondrial particles using NADH as substrate. Mitochondria are incubated with varying concentrations of MPP+ iodide (0.01-1000 µM) in assay buffer at 25-37°C. The reaction is initiated by adding NADH, and the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm is monitored to measure NADH oxidation. IC50 values are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[1]
Cell Types: SH-SY5Y cells Tested Concentrations: 1, 2, 3 mM Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MPP+, mimicking the progress of dopaminergic neurons loss in PD; diminished cell viability in both dose-dependent (1, 2, 3 mM for 24 h) and time dependent (1 mM) manner. For in vitro cell-based assays, dopaminergic neuronal cell lines such as SH-SY5Y, PC12, or primary midbrain neurons are cultured and treated with MPP+ iodide at concentrations ranging from 0.1-1000 µM for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or LDH release assays. Mitochondrial function is evaluated by measuring ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption rate. ROS production is measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA. DAT-mediated uptake can be assessed in DAT-expressing cells. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for MPP+ iodide involve administration to rodents via intracerebral, intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous injection at doses ranging from 1-50 mg/kg. The compound is used to induce Parkinsonian pathology in the substantia nigra. Behavioral assessments include motor coordination tests (e.g., rotarod, open field). Dopaminergic neuron loss is evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Dopamine and metabolite levels are measured by HPLC in striatal tissue.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of MPP+ iodide have been characterized in preclinical models. The molecular weight is 297.13 g/mol and the molecular formula is C₁₂H₁₂IN. The compound is taken up by DAT-expressing cells with high affinity. After administration, MPP+ iodide distributes to the brain and accumulates in dopaminergic neurons. The compound has a relatively short half-life in plasma but persists in the brain due to DAT-mediated accumulation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of MPP+ iodide has been extensively characterized. It is a potent neurotoxin that induces selective dopaminergic neuron death. The compound is toxic to DAT-expressing cells at micromolar concentrations. In animal models, MPP+ iodide produces Parkinsonian pathology including motor deficits and loss of dopaminergic neurons. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound. It is not intended for human use.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Cyperquat iodide is an inhibitor of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase.
MPP+ iodide is the active metabolite of MPTP and a selective mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor with an IC50 of 690 nM. It is selectively accumulated in dopaminergic neurons via DAT and induces Parkinsonian pathology. The compound is widely used as a research tool for modeling Parkinson's disease, studying mitochondrial dysfunction, and screening neuroprotective agents. MPP+ iodide is intended for research use only and is not approved for therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H12IN
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
297.14
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| Exact Mass |
282.986
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| CAS # |
36913-39-0
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| Related CAS # |
MPP+-d3 iodide;207556-07-8
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| PubChem CID |
10924457
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
3.746
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
141
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2.[I-]
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| InChi Key |
RFDFRDXIIKROAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H12N.HI/c1-13-9-7-12(8-10-13)11-5-3-2-4-6-11;/h2-10H,1H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-1-ium;iodide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (336.54 mM)
H2O: 100 mg/mL (336.54 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (8.41 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.00 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.00 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (336.54 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.3654 mL | 16.8271 mL | 33.6542 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6731 mL | 3.3654 mL | 6.7308 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3365 mL | 1.6827 mL | 3.3654 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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