| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
COX-2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); Free radicals (•OH, O2•-, •NO). PBN acts as a radical scavenger (spin trap) by adding free radicals to its nitrone double bond, forming a stable nitroxide radical (spin adduct). It also inhibits the catalytic activity of COX-2, an enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation. It can form nitric oxide (NO) spin adducts, allowing the detection of NO by ESR. It protects against oxidative damage and has cell-permeable properties. |
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| ln Vitro |
The formation of intracellular ROS caused by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is significantly reduced when treated with N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 µM. Additionally, AAPH-induced cytotoxicity, matrix disintegration, and apoptosis are attenuated by N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone. N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone inhibits the activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway caused by AAPH. There is potential for studying intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) with N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone[1].
In vitro, PBN (millimolar concentrations) traps hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide (O2•-), and alkylperoxyl radicals (ROO•) in cell-free systems. These adducts exhibit characteristic ESR hyperfine splitting patterns. It also acts as a direct antioxidant, scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. As a COX-2 inhibitor, it reduces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in inflammatory cells. It protects neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in culture. It shows antiproliferative effects on some cancer cell lines. It has been shown to inhibit NOS activity in some contexts. |
| ln Vivo |
Treatment with N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN; 100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; twice daily; C57Bl/6 mice) eliminates the lipid peroxidation, nitrotyrosine residue levels, and GSH depletion caused by LPS and reduces the occurrence of external malformations[2].
In vivo, PBN (10-100 mg/kg, i.p. or p.o.) crosses the blood-brain barrier and is effective in rodent models of stroke (middle cerebral artery occlusion), reducing infarct volume. It improves memory and reduces oxidative stress in aging rats. It protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models. It reduces hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in lung tissue. It exhibits antidiabetic effects by reducing oxidative stress in pancreatic beta-cells. It also inhibits inflammation in models of sepsis and arthritis. It is a potent neuroprotective agent. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Spin trapping (ESR) protocol: Prepare PBN (10-100 mM) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Generate radicals using a chemical system (e.g., Fenton reaction for •OH: Fe2+ + H2O2; or hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase for O2•-). Mix PBN with the radical-generating system and load into a quartz capillary tube. Record ESR spectra (e.g., at X-band). The adduct will show a characteristic 1:1:1 triplet (from nitrogen) with additional hyperfine splitting. Identification of radical species is based on hyperfine coupling constants (aN and aH). For •OH, typical aN = aH = 14.9 G.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based radical detection, pre-incubate cells (e.g., neutrophils, hepatocytes) with PBN (10-50 mM) for 15-30 minutes. Activate cells with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) or LPS to generate ROS. Harvest cells, lyse, and measure ESR spectra of the spin adducts in the cell lysate or supernatant. Alternatively, measure lipid peroxidation (MDA/TBARS) or protein carbonyls as oxidative stress markers. PBN should decrease these markers. Use in combination with ESR to identify specific radicals produced by the cells.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: C57Bl/6 mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)[2]
Doses: 100 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; twice a day (on gestational day 8) Experimental Results: Abolished LPS -induced lipid peroxidation, nitrotyrosine residues, and GSH depletion. Rodent stroke model (MCAO): Anesthetize rats, induce transient (60 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion via intraluminal filament. Administer PBN (10-100 mg/kg, i.p.) at the onset of reperfusion. After 24-72 hours, evaluate neurological deficits (Bederson score). Harvest brains, stain with TTC (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) to measure infarct volume. PBN significantly reduces infarct size. Aging studies: Administer PBN (30 mg/kg, i.p.) to aged rats (22-24 months) for 2 weeks. Test spatial memory in Morris water maze. Oxidative stress markers in brain homogenates (MDA, 8-OHdG) will be reduced. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
PBN: Molecular formula C11H1₅NO. Molecular weight: 177.24 g/mol. Appearance: White to off-white crystalline solid. Melting point: 71-74 degC. Solubility: Soluble in DMSO (≥100 mg/mL), ethanol, and lipids; moderately soluble in water (5-10 mM). Storage: Store powder at -20degC (stable for 3 years) or 4degC. Protect from light and moisture. In solution, store at -80degC (stable for 6 months). Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. It is stable under normal conditions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
PBN has low acute toxicity. Oral LD₅0 in rats: approximately 1000-2000 mg/kg. At high doses (≥200 mg/kg in rodents), it may cause sedation or mild hypotension. Chronic studies show it is well-tolerated at therapeutic doses (30-60 mg/kg). However, always follow standard safety precautions. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety glasses). Avoid inhalation of powder. Consult SDS for detailed safety information. Not approved for human therapeutic use, though it has been tested in phase I/II trials for stroke.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Spin trap
PBN is a gold-standard spin trap in ESR spectroscopy, enabling the study of free radical mechanisms in chemistry and biology. It is a prototypical nitrone antioxidant. It has been extensively studied for its neuroprotective and anti-aging effects in preclinical models. It is a research-use-only compound. It is not a drug, though it has entered clinical trials for acute stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Its major limitation in vivo is its relatively short half-life. It is used as a probe to detect hydroxyl radicals and superoxide in biological systems. It is also used to study nitric oxide (NO) spin adducts. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H15NO
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
177.24
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| Exact Mass |
177.115
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| CAS # |
3376-24-7
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| PubChem CID |
638877
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
283.3±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
71-75ºC
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| Flash Point |
118.5±15.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.552
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| LogP |
1.25
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
185
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC(C)(C)/[N+](=C/C1=CC=CC=C1)/[O-]
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| InChi Key |
IYSYLWYGCWTJSG-XFXZXTDPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H15NO/c1-11(2,3)12(13)9-10-7-5-4-6-8-10/h4-9H,1-3H3/b12-9-
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| Chemical Name |
N-tert-butyl-1-phenylmethanimine oxide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (564.21 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.6421 mL | 28.2103 mL | 56.4207 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1284 mL | 5.6421 mL | 11.2841 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5642 mL | 2.8210 mL | 5.6421 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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