| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| 5mg | |||
| 10mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
ROS/reactive oxygen species
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS/RNS); NADPH oxidase; Human Serum Albumin (HSA). Phycocyanobilin is a strong scavenger of various free radicals, including superoxide (O2•-), hydroxyl (•OH), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). It binds to HSA with high affinity, which may impact its pharmacokinetics. It inhibits NADPH oxidase activity, thereby reducing the production of superoxide. Its antioxidant activity is structurally related to its conjugated double-bond system. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Phycocyanobilin (100 μM; 0-250 min) prolongs the induction period by inhibiting methyl linoleate peroxidation [1]. The oxidation of liposomes is inhibited by phycocyanobilin (1 mM; 0-300 min) [1].
In vitro, Phycocyanobilin (PCB, 1-100 uM) effectively scavenges DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radicals. It inhibits NADPH-dependent superoxide production in cultured renal mesangial cells. It also protects DNA from oxidative damage induced by peroxynitrite. PCB exhibits strong antioxidant effects in liposome oxidation assays (1 mM, 0-300 min). It has anti-inflammatory properties and can modulate cell signaling pathways related to oxidative stress. It is a high-affinity ligand for HSA. |
| ln Vivo |
In type 2 diabetic mice, phycocyanobilin (15 mg/kg; po; in diet for 2 weeks) exhibits antioxidant properties[3].
In vivo, PCB is orally bioactive. In type 2 diabetic mice, oral administration of PCB (15 mg/kg in diet for 2 weeks) showed significant antioxidant effects. It reduces oxidative stress markers and improves cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. It also exhibits cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects by scavenging ROS and reducing inflammation. Studies suggest it may cross the blood-brain barrier and protect against neurodegenerative diseases. It also inhibits NADPH oxidase in vivo. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro radical scavenging assays: For DPPH assay, mix PCB (0.5-50 uM) with DPPH (0.1 mM) and measure A517 nm after 30 min. For superoxide scavenging, use the xanthine/xanthine oxidase + NBT system. For peroxynitrite scavenging, use a fluorescence-based assay. These cell-free methods quantify the direct antioxidant capacity of PCB. Include standard antioxidants (e.g., Trolox, NAC) as positive controls. The strong conjugated tetrapyrrole structure absorbs UV-Vis light, which can be monitored directly.
|
| Cell Assay |
For cell culture studies, treat cells (e.g., neuronal SH-SY5Y, mesangial cells) with PCB (1-50 uM) for 24-72 hours. To induce oxidative stress, expose cells to H2O2 (100 uM) or glutamate (excitotoxicity). Measure cell viability by MTT/CCK-8. Measure intracellular ROS by DCFH-DA. Measure apoptosis by caspase-3/7 activity. PCB should reduce ROS, prevent mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and increase cell survival. It can also be used to study NADPH oxidase activity via lucigenin chemiluminescence.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male C57BL/Ks J db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes[3]
Doses: 15 mg/kg Route of Administration: In diet for 2 weeks Experimental Results: Dramatically diminished blood glucose levels. Normalized the increases in urinary 8 -OHdG and 8-epi-PGF2α levels, renal oxidative stress markers evaluated by renal 8-OHdG staining and DHE staining, Nox4 mRNA, and protein expression, as well as the mRNA levels of other NAD(P)H oxidase components, inflammatory markers and HO-1. For Alzheimer's disease model: Administer PCB to transgenic AD mice (e.g., APP/PS1) orally via diet (15 mg/kg) for 4-8 weeks. Perform behavioral tests (Morris water maze, Y-maze) to assess memory and learning. Sacrifice animals and collect brain tissue. Measure amyloid-beta plaque burden via Thioflavin S staining. Measure oxidative stress markers (MDA, 8-OHdG) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx). PCB treatment should improve cognitive deficits and reduce neuroinflammation. For diabetes model: treat diabetic mice with PCB (15 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
PCB has a molecular formula C33H3₈N4O₆ and a molecular weight of 586.68 g/mol. It is a purple/blue solid that is light-sensitive. Solubility: Poorly soluble in water; soluble in DMSO (≥10 mg/mL) and alkaline solutions. Storage: Store powder at -20degC, protected from light, under inert gas (argon or nitrogen) to prevent oxidation. In solution, store at -80degC in small aliquots to avoid freeze-thaw cycles. Stock solutions in DMSO are stable for up to 1 month at -80degC. Prepare fresh aqueous solutions for animal studies as it may precipitate in acidic conditions.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
PCB is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for research use as it is a natural compound found in edible spirulina (blue-green algae). No significant acute toxicity has been reported at typical research doses (15-100 mg/kg in rodents). However, high doses may cause mild gastrointestinal distress or dark discoloration of feces. Standard safety precautions for handling fine chemical powders should be followed (gloves, lab coat, safety glasses). Not approved for human therapeutic use. Consult SDS.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
(3E)-phycocyanin is (2R)-phycocyanin. It is the conjugate acid of (3E)-phycocyanin (2-).
Phycocyanobilin is the chromophore of phycocyanin, the blue pigment in spirulina and other cyanobacteria. It is structurally similar to bilirubin (the human bile pigment) but with an open-chain tetrapyrrole structure. PCB is not a drug but a nutraceutical and research biochemical. It is being investigated for treating Alzheimer's disease, metabolic syndrome, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Its poor oral bioavailability (due to low solubility) is a challenge being addressed by nanoparticle formulations. It is a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase and a direct radical scavenger. |
| Molecular Formula |
C33H38N4O6
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
586.68
|
| Exact Mass |
586.279
|
| CAS # |
20298-86-6
|
| PubChem CID |
20055378
|
| Appearance |
Blue to dark blue solid powder
|
| Density |
1.31±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
892.1±65.0 °C
|
| LogP |
3.128
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
43
|
| Complexity |
1460
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
CCC1=C(C(=NC1=O)/C=C\2/C(=C(/C(=C/C3=C(C(=C(N3)/C=C\4/C(=C/C)/[C@H](C(=O)N4)C)C)CCC(=O)O)/N2)CCC(=O)O)C)C
|
| InChi Key |
NNMALANKTSRILL-GSZAROSWSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C33H38N4O6/c1-7-20-19(6)32(42)37-27(20)14-25-18(5)23(10-12-31(40)41)29(35-25)15-28-22(9-11-30(38)39)17(4)24(34-28)13-26-16(3)21(8-2)33(43)36-26/h7,13-15,19,34-35H,8-12H2,1-6H3,(H,37,42)(H,38,39)(H,40,41)/b20-7+,24-13-,27-14-,28-15-/t19-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
3-[(2Z,5Z)-2-[[3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-[(Z)-[(3E,4R)-3-ethylidene-4-methyl-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-ylidene]methyl]-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methylidene]-5-[(4-ethyl-3-methyl-5-oxopyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]-4-methylpyrrol-3-yl]propanoic acid
|
| Synonyms |
phycocyanobilin; 20298-86-6; 3-[2-[[3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-[(3-ethylidene-4-methyl-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-ylidene)methyl]-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methylidene]-5-[(4-ethyl-3-methyl-5-oxopyrrol-2-yl)methylidene]-4-methylpyrrol-3-yl]propanoic acid; NCI60_011911
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 1 mg/mL (1.70 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication (<60°C).
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7045 mL | 8.5225 mL | 17.0451 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3409 mL | 1.7045 mL | 3.4090 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1705 mL | 0.8523 mL | 1.7045 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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