| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
|
||
| 100mg |
|
||
| 250mg |
|
||
| 500mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). N-Acetyl-D-cysteine targets ROS directly via its free thiol (-SH) group. It does not target the glutathione synthesis pathway (unlike the L-isomer) because gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, is stereospecific for L-cysteine derivatives. It also does not inhibit NF-kappaB as effectively as the L-isomer in some contexts. Its primary role is as a direct chemical antioxidant. It is also used as a standard.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Though GSH monoester does, N-acetyl-D-cysteine (20 mM; 1 hour pretreatment; 12 hours) did not raise intracellular GSH levels. D-NAC is unable to promote hypoxia apoptosis. This indicates that GSH, not D-NAC or NAC, is the factor that promotes hypoxia apoptosis[3].
In vitro, N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (1-10 mM) scavenges ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•-) via direct chemical reaction with its thiol group. It can reduce disulfide bonds and protect cells from mild oxidative insults. However, unlike NAC, it does not replenish intracellular GSH when added to cell cultures because it cannot be converted to cysteine via deacetylation and subsequent reduction. It is often used as a negative control in experiments to distinguish direct radical scavenging from GSH-mediated effects. |
| ln Vivo |
Consistent with the stereoselectivity of biological processes, the unnatural D-isomer fails to increase hepatic glutathione in vivo. Studies in rodents show that administration of N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (e.g., 50-200 mg/kg) does not raise GSH levels in the liver, kidney, or lung, whereas NAC does. However, it may still exert mild protective effects against oxidative stress that are mediated solely by its direct thiol chemistry, though these are generally weaker than those observed with NAC. It has low toxicity.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
For direct ROS scavenging assays, prepare N-Acetyl-D-cysteine in PBS. Use the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay: mix compound (0.1-100 mM) with DPPH (0.1 mM in methanol) and measure absorbance at 517 nm after 30 min. For superoxide scavenging, use the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)/xanthine oxidase system. These assays quantify the thiol's ability to reduce radicals independent of enzymatic activity. Include NAC as a positive control.
|
| Cell Assay |
To test direct cellular ROS scavenging, treat cells (e.g., fibroblasts, hepatocytes) with N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (1-20 mM) for 1-4 hours. Then expose cells to an oxidant (e.g., 100-500 uM H2O2). Measure viability by MTT/CCK-8. Measure intracellular ROS using DCFH-DA probe. Compare to NAC treatment. Note that NAC will show greater protection if GSH depletion is a factor. Use N-Acetyl-D-cysteine to assess the contribution of direct thiol chemistry. Also measure protein carbonyls or lipid peroxidation (MDA).
|
| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo studies comparing isomers, administer N-Acetyl-D-cysteine to rodents (e.g., 100-300 mg/kg, i.p. or oral). After 2-6 hours, sacrifice animals and harvest liver, kidney, and brain. Homogenize tissues and measure GSH levels using a recycling assay (DTNB-GR). Measure oxidative stress markers (MDA, protein carbonyls) after an oxidative challenge (e.g., acetaminophen). N-Acetyl-D-cysteine will not elevate GSH. Monitor for any toxicity. Use NAC as a control.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Molecular Formula: C₅H₉NO3S. Molecular Weight: 163.19 g/mol. Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder. Solubility: Soluble in water (≥10 mg/mL), ethanol, and DMSO. pKa (thiol): ~9.5. Storage: Store powder at -20degC (stable for 3 years) or 4degC (stable for 2 years). Protect from light and moisture. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Solutions are stable at -80degC for 6 months. It is a stable compound under normal handling conditions.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
N-Acetyl-D-cysteine has low toxicity. Oral LD₅0 in rats is >5000 mg/kg (estimated). It may cause gastrointestinal discomfort at high doses. Handle with standard laboratory precautions (gloves, lab coat, safety glasses). Avoid dust inhalation. Use in a well-ventilated area. Not intended for human therapeutic use. Consult SDS for detailed safety information. Despite low toxicity, it should be treated as a chemical reagent. Not for use in pregnant or lactating women without risk assessment.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
N-acetyl-D-cysteine is an N-acyl amino acid. N-acetyl-D-cysteine is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Acetylcysteine (note moved here).
N-Acetyl-D-cysteine is often used as a negative control in research to distinguish the glutathione-dependent effects of NAC (L-isomer) from direct radical scavenging effects. It is commercially available as a high-purity analytical standard. While both isomers have mucolytic activity (breaking disulfide bonds in mucus), the D-isomer is less commonly used clinically. It may have applications in studying redox biology where interference with GSH synthesis is undesirable. Research use only, not FDA-approved. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H9NO3S
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
163.19
|
| Exact Mass |
163.03
|
| CAS # |
26117-28-2
|
| PubChem CID |
94364
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
407.7±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
200.4±27.3 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.519
|
| LogP |
-0.15
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
10
|
| Complexity |
148
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
CC(=O)N[C@H](CS)C(=O)O
|
| InChi Key |
PWKSKIMOESPYIA-SCSAIBSYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H9NO3S/c1-3(7)6-4(2-10)5(8)9/h4,10H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t4-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-acetamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 250 mg/mL (1531.96 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (612.78 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.1278 mL | 30.6391 mL | 61.2783 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2256 mL | 6.1278 mL | 12.2557 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6128 mL | 3.0639 mL | 6.1278 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
