| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Tyramine hydrochloride targets trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), particularly TAAR1, as well as adrenergic receptors. It acts as a sympathomimetic agent, releasing stored norepinephrine from nerve endings and causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. It is also a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO) and is metabolized by MAO-A. Its "target" is the adrenergic system and trace amine receptors. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
An enzyme known as MAO (monoamine oxidase) is typically responsible for breaking down tyramine in your body[1].
In vitro, tyramine hydrochloride is used to study its effects on adrenergic receptors and trace amine-associated receptors. It stimulates the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals and activates TAAR1. Its activity is measured in receptor binding assays and functional assays such as cAMP accumulation or calcium mobilization in cells expressing TAARs or adrenergic receptors. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, tyramine hydrochloride acts as a sympathomimetic agent, causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure through the release of norepinephrine. It is also a potent vasoconstrictor. It is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Individuals taking MAO inhibitors are at risk of hypertensive crisis when consuming tyramine-rich foods.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays with tyramine hydrochloride typically involve studying monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. The compound is used as a substrate to measure MAO activity. Standard assays involve incubating tyramine with MAO enzyme preparations and measuring the formation of the metabolite 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde by spectrophotometric or chromatographic methods.
|
| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with tyramine hydrochloride involve treating neuronal or other cell lines expressing TAARs or adrenergic receptors. Cells are treated with various concentrations, and endpoints include assessment of receptor activation, cAMP levels, calcium mobilization, and gene expression changes. These experiments characterize the pharmacological effects of tyramine on receptor signaling.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with tyramine hydrochloride typically involve administering the compound to animals to study its effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and sympathetic nervous system function. Animal models of MAO inhibition are also used to study the effects of tyramine on cardiovascular function. These studies are relevant to understanding the risks of tyramine in individuals taking MAO inhibitors.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of tyramine hydrochloride reflect its role as a dietary amine. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and extensively metabolized by MAO-A in the gut and liver, resulting in low oral bioavailability. When MAO is inhibited, tyramine reaches the systemic circulation and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Its plasma half-life is short due to rapid metabolism.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Tyramine hydrochloride has a moderate toxicity profile due to its vasoconstrictive and pressor effects. At high doses, it can cause hypertensive crisis, particularly in individuals taking MAO inhibitors. It is classified as a skin irritant and may cause eye irritation. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling. Appropriate precautions should be taken to avoid exposure.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Tyramine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of tyramine, a naturally occurring monoamine compound derived from tyrosine. It acts as a sympathomimetic agent and is a substrate for monoamine oxidase. The compound is used in research on adrenergic signaling, trace amine-associated receptors, and the pharmacology of MAO inhibitors. It is not a drug and has no approved therapeutic indications.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C8H12CLNO
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
173.64
|
| Exact Mass |
137.084
|
| CAS # |
60-19-5
|
| Related CAS # |
p-Tyramine-d4 hydrochloride;1189884-47-6
|
| PubChem CID |
66449
|
| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
325.2±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
253-255 °C(lit.)
|
| Flash Point |
119.2±20.4 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.577
|
| LogP |
0.72
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
11
|
| Complexity |
87.3
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1CCN)O.Cl
|
| InChi Key |
RNISDHSYKZAWOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H11NO.ClH/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8(10)4-2-7;/h1-4,10H,5-6,9H2;1H
|
| Chemical Name |
4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol;hydrochloride
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (575.90 mM)
H2O: 100 mg/mL (575.90 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 50 mg/mL (287.95 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.7590 mL | 28.7952 mL | 57.5904 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1518 mL | 5.7590 mL | 11.5181 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5759 mL | 2.8795 mL | 5.7590 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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