| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite
alpha-D-glucose targets multiple enzymes and pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It is a weak inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase form b (GPb, Ki = 1.7 mM) and acts as a physiological regulator of hepatic glycogen metabolism. It demonstrates competitive inhibition of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b with a Ki value of 1,700,000.0 nM and has additional inhibitory effects on liver glycogen phosphorylase a. The compound promotes [1-3H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in 3T3 L1 adipocytes, with observed activity of 34.0 Bq. alpha-D-glucose exhibits a pronounced insulin-stimulating effect compared to beta-D-glucose. It interacts with calf thymus DNA, displacing EtBr with a C50 of 390.0 uM, and significantly increases the melting temperature of the DNA-ligand complex by 10.3°C. The compound also shows inhibitory activities against human HDAC6, with inhibition percentages of -23.98% and -14.18% using different peptide substrates. In antiviral assays, alpha-D-glucose inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cells at a 10 µM concentration after 48 hours with an inhibition rate of 32.8%. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, alpha-D-glucose shows a broad spectrum of bioactivities. It promotes [1-3H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in 3T3 L1 adipocytes, with observed activity of 34.0 Bq. The compound inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cells at a 10 µM concentration after 48 hours with an inhibition rate of 32.8%. It also shows 12.57% inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease activity at a 20 µM concentration. Alpha-D-glucose interacts with calf thymus DNA, displacing EtBr with a C50 of 390.0 uM, and significantly increases the melting temperature of the DNA-ligand complex by 10.3°C. It shows inhibitory activities against human HDAC6, with inhibition percentages of -23.98% and -14.18% using different peptide substrates. As a primary source of energy, alpha-D-glucose is used in cell culture media to support cell growth and metabolism. In cell-based assays, alpha-D-glucose is used to study glucose uptake, metabolism, and insulin signaling. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with alpha-D-glucose at various concentrations for varying periods. Following treatment, glucose uptake, lactate production, and ATP levels are measured.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, alpha-D-glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. Alpha-D-glucose exhibits a pronounced insulin-stimulating effect compared to beta-D-glucose, making it critical for studies related to diabetes, carbohydrate metabolism, and insulin signaling pathways. As an endogenous metabolite, it plays a central role in glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. In animal models, alpha-D-glucose is used to study glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes. The compound is administered via oral gavage or intravenous injection, and blood glucose levels, insulin levels, and other metabolic parameters are measured. The compound's role as a physiological regulator of hepatic glycogen metabolism makes it important for studying liver function and glycogen storage diseases.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for alpha-D-glucose typically involve the use of glycogen phosphorylase. The enzyme is incubated with alpha-D-glucose and a substrate (e.g., glycogen or glucose-1-phosphate), and the enzyme activity is measured. The inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase activity is calculated from the decrease in product formation. For HDAC6 inhibition assays, alpha-D-glucose is incubated with HDAC6 and a peptide substrate, and the deacetylase activity is measured fluorometrically. For antiviral assays, alpha-D-glucose is tested for its ability to inhibit viral protease activity or virus-induced cytotoxicity. The compound is incubated with the viral enzyme or virus-infected cells, and the inhibition of enzyme activity or cytotoxicity is measured. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or other detection methods.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for alpha-D-glucose are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with alpha-D-glucose at various concentrations (typically 1-25 mM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or trypan blue exclusion assays. Glucose uptake is measured using fluorescently labeled glucose analogs (e.g., 2-NBDG) or by measuring the uptake of radiolabeled glucose (e.g., [3H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose). Insulin signaling is assessed by measuring the phosphorylation of insulin receptor and downstream signaling proteins (e.g., AKT, ERK) by western blotting. Lactate production and ATP levels are measured to assess glycolytic activity and energy metabolism. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in water or culture medium for use in these assays, due to its high solubility.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with alpha-D-glucose are conducted in mouse or rat models of diabetes, obesity, or metabolic disorders. Typically, 6-8 week old rodents are used, and the compound is administered via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous infusion at doses ranging from 0.5-5 g/kg. In models of diabetes, alpha-D-glucose is administered to assess glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Blood glucose levels are measured at various time points using a glucometer. Insulin levels are measured by ELISA or radioimmunoassay. In models of obesity, alpha-D-glucose is administered to study its effects on energy metabolism and weight gain. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues (liver, muscle, adipose) are collected for analysis. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline or water, in which it is highly soluble. Endpoints include blood glucose levels, insulin levels, glucose tolerance, and histopathological examination.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of alpha-D-glucose are characteristic of a monosaccharide. Following oral or intravenous administration, alpha-D-glucose is rapidly absorbed and distributed to tissues. It is transported across cell membranes by glucose transporters (GLUTs) and is metabolized through glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen synthesis. The compound is the primary source of energy for living organisms. The elimination half-life is determined by the rate of glucose utilization and clearance. The compound is primarily metabolized to carbon dioxide and water, with excretion in urine when levels exceed the renal threshold. The pharmacokinetics of alpha-D-glucose may be influenced by factors such as insulin levels, glucose transporters, and metabolic rate. As a therapeutic agent, alpha-D-glucose is used clinically for fluid and nutrient replacement.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of alpha-D-glucose is generally favorable, as glucose is an essential nutrient that is required for normal physiological function. However, elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) can lead to diabetes and other complications. The compound is classified as a food ingredient and is generally recognized as safe. In cell-based assays, alpha-D-glucose has been shown to be well-tolerated at concentrations typically used in cell culture media. As a therapeutic agent, alpha-D-glucose is used clinically for fluid and nutrient replacement and its safety profile is well characterized. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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| Additional Infomation |
Amylose is a glucan composed of unbranched chains of D-glucanose residues linked by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. The number of repeating glucose subunits (n) is typically between 300 and 3000, but can also reach several thousand. It is one of the two major components of starch (the other being amylopectin, which accounts for 70-80%). In contrast, linear maltodextrin typically has a chain length of 3 to 17 glucose units. It is a plant metabolite, an E. coli metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. 1,4-α-D-glucan is a metabolite found in or produced by E. coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxacyclohexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol has been reported in Daphnia pulex, Clerodendrum mandarinorum, and other organisms with relevant data.
α-D-glucose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: D-glucose (note moved here). alpha-D-glucose is a fundamental compound in biology and medicine. It is a primary source of energy for living organisms and is found naturally in fruits and other parts of plants. Alpha-D-glucose is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. The compound has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆ and a molecular weight of 180.16 g/mol. It exhibits a pronounced insulin-stimulating effect compared to beta-D-glucose. Alpha-D-glucose is a weak inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase and acts as a physiological regulator of hepatic glycogen metabolism. It shows a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition of HDAC6. The compound is approved for clinical use as a therapeutic agent for fluid and nutrient replacement. Its role as an essential nutrient makes it a critical compound for research in diabetes, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H12O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.16
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| Exact Mass |
180.063
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| CAS # |
492-62-6
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| Related CAS # |
alpha-D-glucose-d12;1379594-94-1;Alpha-D-glucose-13C;287100-64-5;alpha-D-glucose-d7;23403-54-5
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| PubChem CID |
79025
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.544g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
410.797ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
146 °C
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| Flash Point |
202.243ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
n20/D 1.362
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| LogP |
-2.6
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
151
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-DVKNGEFBSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: ≥ 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM)
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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