| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium has no direct pharmacological target as an analytical standard. The parent drug, zidovudine (AZT), is a nucleoside analog that targets the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme, inhibiting the transcription of viral RNA into DNA. The glucuronide metabolite, however, is generally considered inactive against HIV. Its primary role is as a detoxification and elimination pathway for the active drug.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
As an analytical standard, Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium is not used to measure in vitro pharmacological activity. For research purposes, the unlabeled zidovudine is used to study its anti-HIV activity in cell lines (e.g., MT-4 cells). Its metabolite is used in metabolism studies to evaluate the activity of UGT enzymes or the rate of intracellular phosphorylation, which is essential for its antiviral action.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide is the major inactive metabolite of zidovudine. It is formed primarily in the liver and is rapidly eliminated from the body via renal excretion. The rate of its formation is a key factor in the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine, affecting its half-life and clearance. High concentrations in the urine have been associated with some side effects. The sodium salt form is used as a standard to track this process.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium is used as an analytical standard for non-cellular assays. For LC-MS or HPLC method development, a stock solution is prepared by dissolving the compound in an organic solvent like methanol or water. A known amount of this standard is used to create a calibration curve to quantify this metabolite in biological samples. It is also used as a quality control standard to ensure the accuracy of analytical methods.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular experiments, Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium is not used as a direct treatment. It is used as an analytical standard. For example, primary human hepatocytes are incubated with zidovudine (AZT). At various time points, the culture media is collected. A fixed amount of the glucuronide sodium standard is added to the media sample, which is then processed and analyzed by LC-MS to measure the amount of the glucuronide metabolite produced by the cells. This provides a direct measure of UGT2B7 metabolic activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium is not administered as a drug. It is used as an analytical standard to measure the formation of the unlabeled metabolite in samples from animal studies. For example, in a pharmacokinetic study, rats or monkeys are administered zidovudine. Plasma, urine, and tissue samples are collected. The internal standard (e.g., Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium) is added to these samples, and the concentration of the metabolite is determined by LC-MS. This data is essential for calculating the compound's clearance and bioavailability.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide is a major phase II metabolite and has a rapid clearance rate. Its appearance in plasma follows the parent drug's absorption. It has a short half-life, typically similar to or slightly longer than the parent drug (around 1-3 hours in humans), as it is rapidly cleared by the kidneys. The sodium salt is water-soluble and is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine. This rapid glucuronidation is the primary reason for zidovudine's relatively short half-life.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium is a research chemical and not intended for therapeutic use. As a metabolite of a potent drug, it is not considered highly toxic. However, at high concentrations, glucuronide metabolites of some drugs can be associated with toxicity. As an analytical standard, it is used in very small quantities, and standard laboratory safety precautions for handling biological chemicals should be observed, including the use of gloves and a lab coat.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Zidovudine O-beta-D-glucuronide sodium is not a drug but a stable isotope-labeled metabolite and analytical standard. It is used for the accurate quantification of zidovudine metabolism in pharmacokinetic (PK) and drug metabolism (DMPK) studies. It is an essential tool for evaluating drug-drug interactions, as many drugs inhibit or induce the UGT2B7 enzyme, thereby altering zidovudine levels. It is also used in bioequivalence studies for generic formulations of zidovudine.
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| Molecular Formula |
C16H20N5NAO10
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
465.35
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| Exact Mass |
465.111
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| CAS # |
133525-01-6
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| PubChem CID |
71313575
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Melting Point |
158-163ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
824
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
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| SMILES |
CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2C[C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)N=[N+]=[N-].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
ANFPIJBVCFGZOF-UACHAAAFSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H21N5O10.Na/c1-5-3-21(16(28)18-13(5)25)8-2-6(19-20-17)7(30-8)4-29-15-11(24)9(22)10(23)12(31-15)14(26)27;/h3,6-12,15,22-24H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,26,27)(H,18,25,28);/q;+1/p-1/t6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11+,12-,15+;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (214.89 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.37 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.37 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.37 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1489 mL | 10.7446 mL | 21.4892 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4298 mL | 2.1489 mL | 4.2978 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2149 mL | 1.0745 mL | 2.1489 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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