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| Targets |
The primary biological target of α-Synuclein (61-75) is the α-synuclein protein itself, specifically the region corresponding to residues 61-75. This peptide fragment is used to study protein-protein interactions, aggregation mechanisms, and the role of α-synuclein in synaptic vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release. As a fragment of the full-length protein, it serves as a tool for investigating the molecular basis of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, including the formation of toxic oligomers and fibrils.
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| ln Vitro |
The neuropathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) is lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. PD appears to be caused by missense mutations in α-synuclein (A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, A53E, and A53T) as well as duplications and triplications of the α-synuclein gene. Furthermore, variations in the regulatory regions of the α-Synuclein gene predispose people to Parkinson's disease and are associated with an early beginning of the illness. Compared to mouse α-synuclein and the equivalent homologous region of human β-synuclein, the non-Aβ-amyloid component (NAC) region of α-synuclein is highly hydrophobic and aggregation-prone in human α-synuclein. However, in the N-terminal sequences, β-synuclein is 74% more similar to α-synuclein than γ-synuclein is (67%).
In vitro, α-Synuclein (61-75) is utilized in a variety of biochemical and biophysical assays to study protein aggregation and fibril formation. The peptide fragment is used to investigate the kinetics of α-synuclein aggregation, the effects of mutations and post-translational modifications, and the identification of inhibitors of aggregation. It is also employed in binding studies to characterize interactions with membranes, other proteins, and small molecules. The peptide's properties as a fragment of the full-length protein make it a valuable tool for structure-activity relationship studies. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo data for α-Synuclein (61-75) as a standalone therapeutic agent are not extensively documented. The peptide is primarily used as a research tool rather than as a directly administered drug. However, fragments of α-synuclein, including the 61-75 region, are studied in animal models of Parkinson's disease to understand the pathological role of α-synuclein aggregation and to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies targeting protein aggregation. The peptide's in vivo relevance is primarily in the context of basic research into neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro binding and aggregation studies, α-Synuclein (61-75) is typically evaluated using biophysical techniques such as Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assays to monitor fibril formation, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to assess secondary structure, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to visualize aggregate morphology. Standard protocols involve dissolving the peptide in appropriate buffer (e.g., PBS, pH 7.4) at concentrations ranging from 10-200 µM, incubating at 37°C with continuous shaking, and measuring ThT fluorescence at excitation/emission wavelengths of 440/485 nm over time.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based experiments, α-Synuclein (61-75) can be used to study its effects on neuronal cell lines such as SH-SY5Y or PC12 cells. Cells are treated with the peptide at various concentrations (typically 1-100 µM) for 24-72 hours. Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and effects on cell viability are assessed using MTT or resazurin-based assays. The peptide's ability to induce aggregation or exert neurotoxic effects can be evaluated by measuring oxidative stress markers, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic markers such as caspase-3 activation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies using α-Synuclein (61-75) are typically conducted in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. The peptide may be administered via intracerebral injection or osmotic minipumps to study its effects on dopaminergic neuron survival, motor function, and neuroinflammation. Standard in vivo protocols involve administration of the peptide to mice or rats, followed by behavioral testing (e.g., rotarod, open field), immunohistochemical analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, and measurement of α-synuclein aggregation in brain tissue.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of α-Synuclein (61-75) as a therapeutic agent are not well-characterized. As a peptide, it is expected to have poor oral bioavailability and rapid clearance due to proteolytic degradation. When administered via intracerebral or systemic routes, the peptide would likely be subject to rapid metabolism by peptidases. The TFA salt form enhances solubility for in vitro and in vivo applications. Empirical pharmacokinetic data for this specific peptide fragment are not available in the public literature.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for α-Synuclein (61-75) are not extensively documented. As a peptide fragment of a naturally occurring protein, it is generally considered to have low inherent toxicity. However, aggregated forms of α-synuclein are known to be neurotoxic and are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. When used in research, standard laboratory safety practices should be followed, including the use of personal protective equipment. Specific LD₅₀ values and acute toxicity classifications for this peptide are not available.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
α-Synuclein (61-75) (TFA) is a research-grade peptide, not an FDA-approved pharmaceutical drug. Its primary applications are in basic research on Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, including studies of protein aggregation, protein-protein interactions, and the development of aggregation inhibitors. The peptide is supplied as a trifluoroacetate salt to enhance solubility and stability for research applications. No clinical trials or approved therapeutic indications exist for this peptide fragment.
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| Molecular Formula |
C62H104F3N17O25
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| Molecular Weight |
1544.58
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :~100 mg/mL (~64.74 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (1.62 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.62 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.6474 mL | 3.2371 mL | 6.4743 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1295 mL | 0.6474 mL | 1.2949 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0647 mL | 0.3237 mL | 0.6474 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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