Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Sodium 14C-L(+)-tartrate (400 mg/kg) administered orally or parenterally to rats is rapidly excreted, with a portion completely metabolized to carbon dioxide. Oral doses are well absorbed. Only about 15-20% of ingested tartrate is excreted unchanged in the urine. Metabolism/Metabolites Most ingested tartrates in humans are metabolized by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (primarily the large intestine).

[1]. Mathias Ibert, et al. Determination of the side-products formed during the nitroxide-mediated bleach oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid. Carbohydr Res. 2002 Jun 5;337(11):1059-63.
[2]. Thirada Piyanan, et al. An Instrument-free Detection of Antioxidant Activity Using Paper-based Analytical Devices Coated with Nanoceria. Anal Sci. 2018;34(1):97-102.

L-Tartrate is a type of tartaric acid. It is the conjugate acid of L-tartarate (1-) and an enantiomer of D-tartaric acid. Tartaric acid is a white crystalline organic acid naturally found in many plants, especially grapes. It is an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid with properties of both dicarboxylic and aldehyde acids, and is a dihydroxy derivative of succinic acid. Tartaric acid is a metabolite of Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Tartaric acid is a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid found in many plants, especially tamarind and grapes. Oral administration of tartaric acid can produce carbon dioxide through a reaction with sodium bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide expands the stomach and provides a negative contrast agent in double-contrast X-rays. At high doses, this substance inhibits the production of malic acid, thus acting as a myotoxic agent, potentially leading to paralysis or even death. Tartaric acid is a white crystalline organic acid. It is naturally found in many plants, especially grapes and tamarind, and is one of the main acids in wine. It is often added to other foods to impart a sour taste and as an antioxidant. Tartrates are called tartrate salts. They are dihydroxy derivatives of dicarboxylic acids. Tartaric acid is a myotoxin that works by inhibiting the production of malic acid; high doses can lead to paralysis and death. The lowest known lethal dose for humans is about 12 grams. Nevertheless, it is still added to many foods, especially some sour sweets. As a food additive, tartaric acid is used as an antioxidant, with the E designation E334; tartrate salts are another type of additive used as antioxidants or emulsifiers. Naturally occurring tartaric acid is chiral, meaning that its molecules do not overlap with their mirror images. It is an organic chemical starting material for the synthesis of other chiral molecules. The naturally occurring form of tartaric acid is L-(+)-tartaric acid or dextrorotatory tartaric acid. Its mirror image (enantiomer), namely levorotatory tartaric acid or D-(-)-tartaric acid, and its achiral form, namely mesorotatory tartaric acid, can be synthesized artificially. Tartrate salts are believed to play a role in inhibiting the formation of kidney stones. Most ingested tartrates are metabolized by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (mainly the large intestine). Only about 15-20% of ingested tartrate is excreted unchanged in urine.

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Drug Indications
Tartrate is mainly used for treating scurvy and for disinfection.
Female stress urinary incontinence

C4H6O6

150.09

150.016

133-37-9

DL-Tartaric acid-d2;181376-62-5

444305

White to yellow solid powder

1.9±0.1 g/cm3

399.3±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg

200-206ºC

209.4±24.4 °C

0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C

1.586

-1.43

4

6

3

10

134

2

O([H])C([H])(C(=O)O[H])C([H])(C(=O)O[H])O[H]

FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N

InChI=1S/C4H6O6/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t1-,2-/m1/s1

(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: 100 mg/mL (666.27 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.66 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.66 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.66 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)