| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Ethyl homovanillate targets monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA). By inhibiting MAOA, ethyl homovanillate increases the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to an antidepressant-like effect. MAOA is a well-established target for the treatment of depression and other mood disorders, as well as for neurodegenerative diseases. Ethyl homovanillate is a structural analogue of eugenol and is related to homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of dopamine.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Ethyl homovanillate is a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 8.1 uM. As a structural analogue of eugenol, it is likely to be a reversible inhibitor, although the binding mode has not been confirmed. The compound is used in research on neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. It is a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) inhibitor. The IC50 of 8.1 microM indicates moderate potency. For comparison, the IC50 of the clinically approved MAOA inhibitor moclobemide is approximately 1-10 uM.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Ethyl homovanillate significantly improves the forced swimming test scores in ICR mice. The forced swimming test (FST) is a behavioral test used to measure antidepressant-like activity in rodents. A significant reduction in immobility time is indicative of an antidepressant-like effect. This suggests that Ethyl homovanillate is orally active and can cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound may be used in research on neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. There is no indication that the compound has been tested in other animal models (e.g., chronic unpredictable mild stress).
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro MAOA inhibition assay (fluorometric): Recombinant human MAOA (0.1-1 ug) is incubated in assay buffer (0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) with a fluorogenic substrate (e.g., kynuramine, 50 uM) and varying concentrations of Ethyl homovanillate (0.1-1000 uM) at 37degC for 30-60 minutes. The reaction is terminated by the addition of 1M NaOH. The formation of 4-hydroxyquinoline (a fluorescent product) is measured at λex = 315 nm, λem = 380 nm. The IC₅0 (8.1 uM) is calculated from the dose-response curve. Clorgyline is used as a positive control.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro MAOA activity assay in cell lysates: SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells or HepG2 cells are seeded in 6-well plates (3×10⁵ cells/well) and cultured for 24 hours. Cells are lysed in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1% Triton X-100. The lysates are cleared by centrifugation. The cell lysates (50-100 ug protein) are incubated with varying concentrations of Ethyl homovanillate (0.1-1000 uM) for 30 min at 37degC, followed by the addition of the substrate kynuramine (50 uM). The production of 4-hydroxyquinoline is measured as described above. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo forced swimming test (FST) in ICR mice: Male ICR mice (6-8 weeks old, 25-30 g, n=10-12/group) are used. Ethyl homovanillate is formulated in a suitable vehicle (e.g., 0.5% methylcellulose or 5% DMSO in saline) and administered orally (10-100 mg/kg) 60 minutes before the test. Control groups receive vehicle alone or a positive control (e.g., fluoxetine 20 mg/kg or moclobemide 30 mg/kg). For the FST, each mouse is placed individually in a glass cylinder filled with water (25degC, depth 15 cm) for 6 minutes, and the total duration of immobility (floating without struggling, only movements necessary to keep the head above water) is recorded during the last 4 minutes. A significant reduction in immobility time compared to the vehicle control indicates an antidepressant-like effect.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No specific PK data for Ethyl homovanillate is available. As a small, moderately lipophilic ester (MW 210.23, LogP ~1.5-2.0), it is expected to be well absorbed orally and to cross the blood-brain barrier (which is necessary for MAOA inhibition in the CNS). The ethyl ester is likely hydrolyzed by esterases in the blood, liver, and gut to the corresponding carboxylic acid (homovanillic acid, HVA). HVA is the major metabolite of dopamine and is normally present in the CNS. Therefore, the active MAOA inhibitor may be either the ester or the acid form. For research use, the compound is formulated in DMSO for in vitro studies and in 0.5% methylcellulose or 5% DMSO in saline for in vivo studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
For Ethyl homovanillate, hazard statements: H315 (Causes skin irritation), H319 (Causes serious eye irritation), H335 (May cause respiratory irritation). Signal word: Warning. Precautionary statements: P261 (Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray), P280 (Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection), P305+P351+P338 (IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes). Storage: powder at -20degC, protected from light and moisture. For research use only, not for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ethyl homovanillate (CAS# 60563-13-5) is a research-grade MAOA inhibitor (IC50 = 8.1 uM) and a structural analogue of eugenol. It shows antidepressant-like activity in the forced swimming test in mice. It is not an FDA-approved drug. For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C11H14O4
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| Molecular Weight |
210.23
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| Exact Mass |
210.089
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| CAS # |
60563-13-5
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| PubChem CID |
108965
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
205
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCOC(=O)CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)OC
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| InChi Key |
AWPMWZHWVKXADV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H14O4/c1-3-15-11(13)7-8-4-5-9(12)10(6-8)14-2/h4-6,12H,3,7H2,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
ethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 200 mg/mL (~951.34 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 5 mg/mL (23.78 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one)),clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can Add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix thoroughly. Then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above system and mix thoroughly. Finally, add 450 μL of physiological saline to bring the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of physiological saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in ddH₂O and bring the volume to 100 mL to obtain a clear and transparent physiological saline solution. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 5 mg/mL (23.78 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one)),clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can Add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution was added to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mixed thoroughly. 2 g of SBE-β-CD (sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin) powder was diluted to 10 mL of physiological saline and dissolved completely until clear and transparent. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: 5 mg/mL (23.78 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one)),suspension solution; with sonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.7567 mL | 23.7835 mL | 47.5670 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9513 mL | 4.7567 mL | 9.5134 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4757 mL | 2.3783 mL | 4.7567 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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