DNA synthesis; DNA alkylation

With sham treatment, TTc transport causes fluorescent signal intensity over the thoracic spine to increase from 0 to 60 minutes after injection. On average, fluorescence signal increased 722%+/-117% (Mean+/-SD) from 0 to 60 minutes. Oxaliplatin treated animals had comparable transport at baseline (787%+/-140%), but transport rapidly decreased through the course of the study, falling to 363%+/-88%, 269%+/-96%, 191%+/-58%, 121%+/-39%, 75%+/-21% with each successive week and stabilizing around 57% (+/-15%) at 7 weeks. Statistically significant divergence occurred at approximately 3 weeks (p≤0.05, linear mixed-effects regression model). Quantitative immuno-fluorescence histology with a constant cutoff threshold showed reduced TTc in the spinal cord at 7 weeks for treated animals versus controls (5.2 Arbitrary Units +/-0.52 vs 7.1 AU +/-1.38, p<0.0004, T-test). There was no significant difference in neural cell mass between the two groups as shown with NeuN staining (10.2+/-1.21 vs 10.5 AU +/-1.53, p>0.56, T-test). Conclusion: We show-for the first time to our knowledge-that neurographic in vivo molecular imaging can demonstrate imaging changes in a model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. Impaired retrograde neural transport is suggested to be an important part of the pathophysiology of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. [6]

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Oxaliplatin, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) once a week at a dose of 10 mg/kg, dramatically lowers the tumor volume and apoptotic index in nude mice with hepatocellular HCCLM3 tumors. T-leukemia-lymphoma L40 AKR response to Oxaliplatin (5 mg/kg, i.v. on days 1, 5, and 9) is 1.77 T/C. Additionally, Oxaliplatin works well on xenografts of B16 melanoma, MA 16-C melanoma, Lewis lung xenografts, C26 colon carcinoma, and intracerebrally grafted L1210 leukemia. n mice, Oxaliplatin causes impairment of retrograde neuronal transport.

The sulforhodamine-B microculture colorimetrie assay is used to conduct the cytotoxicity investigations. The sulforhodamine-B test is typically conducted 48 hours after the cells (RT4, TCCSUP, A2780, HT-29, U-373MG, U-87MG, SK-MEL-2, and HT-144 cell lines) are plated into 96-well plates on day 0 and exposed to oxaliplatin on day 1. Except for when adding oxaliplatin and during the final assay period, the plates are always incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 and 100% relative humidity. The assay started with 2–20 × 103 cells/50 nL/well plated on a slide. On the day of the assay, the cells in control wells must still be in the log phase of growth; the maximum absorbance for the untreated controls must fall between 1.0 and 1.5; and the cells must undergo more than two doublings during the drug exposure. These criteria are based on pilot studies. A concentration is made up of eight wells. Using an IBM PC-compatible computer as the interface, a Biotek Instruments model EL309 microplate reader is used to read the plates at 570–540 nm. The computer program DATALOG transfers the data and converts it into a LOTUS 1-2-3 format. The drug treated and control are compared to determine the survival fractions.

Mice (n = 8/group) were injected with a cumulative dose of 30 mg/kg oxaliplatin (sufficient to induce neurotoxicity) or dextrose control injections. Intramuscular injections of Tetanus Toxin C-fragment (TTc) labeled with Alexa 790 fluorescent dye were done (15 ug/20 uL) in the left calf muscles, and in vivo fluorescent imaging performed (0–60 min) at baseline, and then weekly for 5 weeks, followed by 2-weekly imaging out to 9 weeks. Tissues were harvested for immunohistochemical analysis.[6]

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Researchers used two groups of 8 BALB/C mice for imaging studies: controls and oxaliplatin treatment (16 animals total for imaging studies). An additional two groups of 4 animals each were used for histological studies (8 animals total for histology), euthanized 7 weeks after starting the oxaliplatin regimen. Using a well-characterized model system described in the literature, experimental animals received Oxaliplatin dissolved in sterile water at 1 mg/ml (diluted as needed in 5% glucose) at a dose of 3 mg/kg per intra-peritoneal injection (0.2 ml total) for 5 days during the first week, followed by a 7 day rest, followed by another series of 5 daily injections in the third week. The total dose was 30 mg/kg cumulative, spread out over 10 injections given in two cycles. Control animals received 5% glucose sham injections. Animal weights were determined once a week at the end of the week prior to injections.[6]

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Dissolved in water; 10 mg/kg; i.p. injection.

Human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts HCCLM3

Absorption
The reactive oxaliplatin derivatives are present as a fraction of the unbound platinum in plasma ultrafiltrate. After a single 2-hour intravenous infusion of oxaliplatin at a dose of 85 mg/m2, pharmacokinetic parameters expressed as ultrafiltrable platinum was Cmax of 0.814 mcg/mL. Interpatient and intrapatient variability in ultrafiltrable platinum exposure (AUC0-48hr) assessed over 3 cycles was 23% and 6%, respectively.

Route of Elimination
The major route of platinum elimination is renal excretion. At five days after a single 2-hour infusion of ELOXATIN, urinary elimination accounted for about 54% of the platinum eliminated, with fecal excretion accounting for only about 2%.

Volume of Distribution
After a single 2-hour intravenous infusion of oxaliplatin at a dose of 85 mg/m2, the volume of distribution is 440 L.At the end of a 2-hour infusion, approximately 15% of the administered platinum is present in the systemic circulation. The remaining 85% is rapidly distributed into tissues or eliminated in the urine.

Clearance
Platinum was cleared from plasma at a rate (10-17 L/h) that was similar to or exceeded the average human glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 7.5 L/h). The renal clearance of ultrafiltrable platinum is significantly correlated with GFR.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Oxaliplatin undergoes rapid and extensive nonenzymatic biotransformation. There is no evidence of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in vitro. Up to 17 platinum-containing derivatives have been observed in plasma ultrafiltrate samples from patients, including several cytotoxic species (monochloro DACH platinum, dichloro DACH platinum, and monoaquo and diaquo DACH platinum) and a number of noncytotoxic, conjugated species.

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Biological Half-Life
The decline of ultrafilterable platinum levels following oxaliplatin administration is triphasic with two distribution phases: t1/2α; 0.43 hours and t1/2β; 16.8 hours. This is followed by a long terminal elimination phase that lasts 391 hours (t1/2γ).

Hepatotoxicity
Mild and transient elevations in serum aminotransferase levels are found in an appreciable proportion of patients taking oxaliplatin, but their relationship to oxaliplatin is often unclear. Chemotherapy with oxaliplatin has been associated with histological changes in the liver marked by sinusoidal dilatation, congestion and centrolobular necrosis indicative of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. These changes are usually mild-to-moderate in severity and not clinically significant during the acute phase, but they can progress to clinically apparent sinusoidal obstruction syndrome or, with chronic therapy, to nodular regenerative hyperplasia with splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and esophageal varices. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia typically requires 6 to 18 months to develop and arises after repeated cycles of chemotherapy with oxaliplatin. Serum enzyme and bilirubin elevations are minimal, the major laboratory finding being a progressive and persistent thrombocytopenia reflecting the development of splenomegaly and portal hypertension. The first clinical evidence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia may be ascites, esophageal variceal hemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy. Attempts at hepatic resection, severe gastrointestinal bleeding and septicemia may trigger hepatic decompensation and liver failure. Interestingly, nodular regenerative hyperplasia and portal hypertension tend to improve slowly once chemotherapy is stopped, but the long term consequences of the changes are not well defined.
Likelihood score: A (well established cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

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Protein Binding In patients, plasma protein binding of platinum is irreversible and is greater than 90%. The main binding proteins are albumin and gamma-globulins. Platinum also binds irreversibly and accumulates (approximately 2-fold) in erythrocytes, where it appears to have no relevant activity. No platinum accumulation was observed in plasma ultrafiltrate following 85 mg/m2 every two weeks.

[1]. Oxaliplatin: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Ann Oncol. 1998 Oct;9(10):1053-71.

[2]. Oxaliplatin is active in vitro against human melanoma cell lines: comparison with NSC 119875 and NSC 241240. Anticancer Drugs. 2000 Nov;11(10):859-63.

[3]. In vitro cytotoxicity, protein binding, red blood cell partitioning, and biotransformation of oxaliplatin. Cancer Res. 1993 Dec 15;53(24):5970-6.

[4]. Oxaliplatin induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and inhibits tumor growth. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Nov;18(11):1595-604.

[5]. Oxalato-platinum or 1-OHP, a third-generation platinum complex: an experimental and clinical appraisal and preliminary comparison with cis-platinum. Biomed Pharmacother. 1989;43(4):237-50.

[6]. Impairment of retrograde neuronal transport in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy demonstrated by molecular imaging. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45776. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045776. Epub 2012 Sep 20.

[7]. Phenanthriplatin, a monofunctional DNA-binding platinum anticancer drug candidate with unusual potency and cellular activity profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 24;109(30):11987-92.

[8]. Comparative proteomic analysis of colon cancer cells in response to oxaliplatin treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1794(10):1433-40.

[9]. Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, and Bevacizumab (BCapOx) Regimen for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Hosp Pharm. 2017 May;52(5):341-347.

An organoplatinum complex in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and with an oxalate ligand which is displaced to yield active oxaliplatin derivatives. These derivatives form inter- and intra-strand DNA crosslinks that inhibit DNA replication and transcription. Oxaliplatin is an antineoplastic agent that is often administered with FLUOROURACIL and FOLINIC ACID in the treatment of metastatic COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS.
See also: Oxaliplatin (annotation moved to).

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Of the new generation platinum compounds that have been evaluated, those with the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane carrier ligand-including oxaliplatin--have been focused upon in recent years. Molecular biology studies and the National Cancer Institute in vitro cytotoxic screening showed that diaminocyclohexane platinums such as oxaliplatin belong to a distinct cytotoxic family, differing from cisplatin and carboplatin, with specific intracellular target(s), mechanism(s) of action and/or mechanism(s) of resistance. In phase I trials, the dose-limiting toxicity of oxaliplatin was characterized by transient acute dysesthesias and cumulative distal neurotoxicity, which was reversible within a few months after treatment discontinuation. Moreover, oxaliplatin did not display any, auditory, renal and hematologic dose-limiting toxicity at the recommended dose of 130 mg/m2 q three weeks or 85 mg/m2 q two weeks given as a two-hour i.v. infusion. Clinical phase II experiences on the antitumoral activity of oxaliplatin have been conducted in hundreds of patients with advanced colorectal cancers (ACRC). Single agent activity reported as objective response rate in ACRC patients is 10% and 20% overall in ACRC patients with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) pretreated/refractory and previously untreated ACRC, respectively. Synergistic cytotoxic effects in preclinical studies with thymidylate synthase inhibitors, cisplatin/carboplatin and topoisomerase I inhibitors, and the absence of hematologic dose-limiting toxicity have made oxaliplatin an attractive compound for combinations. Phase II trials combining oxaliplatin with 5-FU and folinic acid ACRC patients previously treated/refractory to 5-FU showed overall response rates ranging from 21% to 58%, and survivals ranging from 12 to 17 months. In patients with previously untreated ACRC, combinations of oxaliplatin with 5-FU and folinic acid showed response rates ranging from 34% to 67% and median survivals ranging from 15 to 19 months. Two randomized trials totaling 620 previously untreated patients with ACRC, comparing 5-FU and folinic acid to the same regimen with oxaliplatin, have shown a 34% overall response rate in the oxaliplatin group versus 12% in the 5-FU/folinic acid group for the first trial; and 51.2% vs. 22.6% in the second one. These statistically significant differences were confirmed in time to progression advantage for the oxaliplatin arm (8.7 vs. 6.1 months, and 8.7 vs. 6.1 months, respectively). A small but consistent number of histological complete responses have been reported in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with the combination of oxaliplatin with 5-FU/folinic acid, and secondary metastasectomy is increasingly done by oncologists familiar with the combination. Based on preclinical and clinical reports showing additive or synergistic effects between oxaliplatin and several anticancer drugs including cisplatin, irinotecan, topotecan, and paclitaxel, clinical trials of combinations with other compounds have been performed or are still ongoing in tumor types in which oxaliplatin alone showed antitumoral activity such as ovarian, non-small-cell lung, breast cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Its single agent and combination therapy data in ovarian cancer confirm its non-cross resistance with cisplatin/carboplatin. While the role of oxaliplatin in medical oncology is yet to be fully defined, it appears to be an important new anticancer agent.[1]

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We have previously confirmed the in vitro activity of cisplatin and carboplatin against human melanoma cell lines. Both drugs are important components in the chemotherapy used in our service for advanced metastatic melanoma. In this communication we report the in vitro activity of oxaliplatin against human melanoma cell lines in comparison with cisplatin and carboplatin. Oxaliplatin was found to be active against C32 and G361 cell lines with IC50 values of 49.48 and 9.07 microM (1 h exposure), 9.47 and 1.30 microM (4 h exposure), and 0.98 and 0.14 microM (24 h exposure), respectively. The cytotoxic activity of oxaliplatin in this in vitro system appears to be significantly superior to that of carboplatin. Its activity becomes comparatively closer to that of cisplatin as exposure time increases. Indeed at a 24 h exposure oxaliplatin appears to be significantly more active than cisplatin against the G361 cell line (p=0.0343). Oxaliplatin merits evaluation in the clinic both as a single agent and in combination with other drugs active against melanoma.[2]

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The in vitro cytotoxicity, protein binding, partitioning of platinum from whole blood into erythrocytes, its exchange back into plasma, and the in vitro biotransformation in plasma were studied for the new nonnephrotoxic platinum analogue oxaliplatin. The cytotoxicity studies were carried out against a panel of human tumor cell lines derived from carcinomas of the ovary (A2780, A2780/cp), bladder (TCCSUP, RT4), colon (HT-29), melanoma (SKMEL-2, HTB144), and glioma (U373MG and U87MG). The relative potency of the five platinum complexes was oxaliplatin = tetraplatin > cisplatin > iproplatin > carboplatin. Oxaliplatin was active against HT-29 and only minimally cross-resistant with cisplatin against A2780/cp. Both bladder carcinoma cell lines, both melanoma cell lines, and one of the two glioblastoma cell lines were resistant to both oxaliplatin and tetraplatin. The cytotoxicity profiles of the drug pairs oxaliplatin-tetraplatin and cisplatin-carboplatin showed statistically significant correlation by the Spearman rank correlation test. Oxaliplatin was similar to cisplatin and tetraplatin in protein binding; 85-88% of all platinum from oxaliplatin (5, 10, or 20 micrograms/ml) was bound to plasma proteins within the first 5 h with an average half-life of 1.71 +/- 0.06 h. When oxaliplatin was incubated in whole blood (5, 10, and 20 micrograms/ml), the erythrocytes took up 37.1 +/- 2.1% of the total platinum in 2 h (maximum uptake) which was not exchangeable into plasma. Thus the erythrocyte-bound fraction does not serve as a reservoir of drug. In plasma, oxaliplatin was unchanged at 0.5 h, but at 1 h, 30% of the total platinum in plasma was in a peak which had identical retention to that of (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)dichloroplatinum(II), the major biotransformation product of tetraplatin. At 2 h, (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)dichloroplatinum(II) and three other platinum-containing peaks were detected but no unchanged oxaliplatin. All the platinum eluted in a single peak near the solvent front at 4 h. The marked similarity in cytotoxicity between oxaliplatin and tetraplatin may be due to the formation of (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)dichloroplatinum(II) in tissue culture media.[3]

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Objective: The platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin displays a wide range of antitumor activities. To date, no detailed data are available about the effects of oxaliplatin on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Herein, the anti-proliferation effects of oxaliplatin on HCCLM3 and Hep3B cells in vitro and in vivo are studied. Research methods: Cell viability was assessed by an MTT assay and apoptosis by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis-related proteins in HCCLM3 cells were evaluated by microarray analysis, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assay and western blotting. The effect of oxaliplatin was also studied in vivo using a xenograft model. Results: Oxaliplatin inhibited the growth of HCCLM3 and Hep3B cells. Using flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, we found that apoptosis was the main mechanism by which oxaliplatin inhibited tumor progression. Microarray analysis, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and western blot analysis further demonstrated downregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax during oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. Conclusions: The anti-proliferation effect of oxaliplatin in HCC cells is due to induction of apoptosis. Therefore, oxaliplatin may be an effective treatment for HCC and its use merits further in-depth investigation.[4]

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A new platinum complex, oxalatoplatin or l-OHP, which, at the same metal dose in experimental tests is as efficient as cisplatin, and is more so at a lower metal dose than carboplatin; which is as efficient in human tumors of the testis and ovary as these other analogs, and more so in melanoma and breast cancer; which is not nephrotoxic, cardiotoxic or mutagenic, and hardly hematotoxic and neurotoxic, is described and compared with the above-mentioned platinum complexes. Combined with 5Fu, it induces a high number of remissions in colorectal cancer, and has brought about cures in inoperable gastric cancers. Combined with carboplatin, it has resulted in a high proportion of cures in L1210-carrying mice, which no other two-by-two combination of these complexes has achieved.[5]

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Colon cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Oxaliplatin, a third-generation platinum compound, is widely used in clinical chemotherapy of colon cancer. Although the mechanisms of the antitumor effect of Oxaliplatin have been investigated in recent years, the proteomic changes that are associated with the cellular response to this compound are poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to survey the global changes in protein expression levels after Oxaliplatin treatment in three colon cancer cell lines: HT29, SW620, and LoVo. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry revealed 57, 48, and 53 differentially expressed proteins in the three cell lines (HT29, SW620 and LoVo, respectively) after Oxaliplatin treatment. Of these proteins, 21 overlapped among all three cell lines. These overlapping proteins participate in many cellular processes, such as apoptosis, signal transduction, transcription and translation, cell structural organization, and metabolism. Additionally, the expression levels of ezrin (EZRI), heat-shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), and cell division control protein 2 homolog (CDC2) were confirmed by immunoblotting. This is the first direct proteomic analysis of Oxaliplatin-treated colon cancer cells. Several interesting proteins that we found warrant further investigation owing to their potential significant functions in the antitumor effect of Oxaliplatin.[8]

C8H14N2O4PT

397.29

397.06

C, 24.19; H, 3.55; N, 7.05; O, 16.11; Pt, 49.10

61825-94-3

9887053

White solid powder

193.6ºC at 760 mmHg

0.614

4

6

0

15

191

2

[Pt+2].[O-]C(C(=O)[O-])=O.N([H])([H])[C@]1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]1([H])N([H])[H]

DRMCATBEKSVAPL-BNTLRKBRSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H12N2.C2H2O4.Pt/c7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8;3-1(4)2(5)6;/h5-8H,1-4H2;(H,3,4)(H,5,6);/q-2;;+2/t5-,6-;;/m1../s1

[(1R,2R)-2-azanidylcyclohexyl]azanide;oxalic acid;platinum(2+)

L-OHP; diaminocyclohexane oxalatoplatinum; oxalatoplatin; oxalatoplatinum; DTXSID0036760; Oxalato(trans-l-1,2-cyclohexanediamine)platinum(II); cis-oxalato-trans-l-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II); US brand name: Eloxatin Foreign brand names: Dacotin; Dacplat; Eloxatine; Abbreviations: 1OHP; LOHP; Code names: JM83; RP54780; SR96669.

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Note: Oxaliplatin is generally not recommended to be dissolved in DMSO, as platinum-based drugs are prone to deactivation in DMSO. Additionally, Oxaliplatin is not stable in solution and should be prepared immediately before use.

Solubility in Formulation 1: 1.92 mg/mL (4.83 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).

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Solubility in Formulation 2: 3.33 mg/mL (8.38 mM) in 5% w/v Glucose Solution (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)