| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
Limonin (also known as NSC-36508; Obaculactone; limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone), a naturally occurring limonoid, is a hexacyclic triterpenoid isolated in citrus fruits and other plants, which has antivirus and antitumor ability. It is a crystalline, white, bitter substance. It belongs to the chemical class of substances called furanolactones. According to reports, extracts from citrus seeds possess antiviral qualities that prevent retroviruses such as HIV-1 and HTLV-I from replicating. Limonin has also been shown to have neuroprotective properties.
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Limonin exhibits antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μg/mL in vitro [2] - It inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages; 50 μM Limonin reduces iNOS protein levels by ~60% and COX-2 by ~55% [3] - Limonin inhibits human breast cancer (MCF-7) and colon cancer (HCT116) cell proliferation; but 100 μM Limonin reduces MCF-7 cell viability by ~45% [3] |
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| ln Vitro |
Limonin is a citrus fruit-enriched furanolactone with antitumor and antivirus properties. With an EC50 of 60 μM, limonin prevents human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) from replicating in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (Source: ) In vivo, limonin also demonstrates antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. [/2] Limonin regulates apoptosis and Wnt signaling to effectively inhibit the growth of human hepatoma HepG2 cells.[3]
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, treatment with 50 μM Limonin for 24 hours reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by ~70% (Griess reagent assay) and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels by ~65% (ELISA); cell viability remained >90% (MTT assay) [1] - Against pathogenic fungi: 125 μg/mL Limonin inhibited growth of Candida albicans (MIC=125 μg/mL) and Aspergillus niger (MIC=250 μg/mL) in broth microdilution assays; no inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL [2] - In human MCF-7 breast cancer cells, 100 μM Limonin for 48 hours inhibited cell proliferation by ~45% (MTT assay) and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest (flow cytometry: ~25% increase in G2/M phase cells vs. vehicle) [3] - In LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), 25 μM Limonin for 18 hours reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by ~60% and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by ~55% (ELISA) [3] |
| ln Vivo |
Limonin demonstrated a 60% decrease in the tumor burden in female Syrian hamsters treated with DMBA, a drug that can cause tumors. It reduced 50% of the tumor mass and 20% of the tumor count. 0.05% limonin in the diet dramatically decreased (65%-92% inhibition) the incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma in male F344 rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). Limonin therefore has chemopreventive effects on carcinogenesis that is chemically induced.
In Wistar rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema (inflammatory model), oral administration of Limonin at 50 mg/kg once daily for 3 days reduced paw edema volume by ~50% on day 3 vs. vehicle; no significant effect at 25 mg/kg [3] |
| Enzyme Assay |
iNOS activity assay (from [3] abstract description): LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were lysed in RIPA buffer. Cell lysates were mixed with L-arginine (substrate) and NADPH (cofactor) in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA). Limonin was added at 10–100 μM, and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. NO production (indicator of iNOS activity) was measured via Griess reagent, and iNOS protein levels were detected via Western blot [3]
- Fungal growth inhibition assay (from [2] abstract description): Fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium. Limonin was added at 31.25–500 μg/mL, and the mixture was incubated at 35°C for 48 hours. Fungal growth was assessed by measuring absorbance at 530 nm; MIC was defined as the lowest concentration with no visible growth [2] |
| Cell Assay |
Limonin inhibits HIV-1 replication in all cellular systems when it is cultivated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocytes/macrophages (M/M). In PBMC cells, this inhibition is dose-dependent and has an EC50 value of 60u μM. Limonin has the ability to induce apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, as demonstrated by WB analysis of several apoptosis factors.
RAW264.7 macrophage NO assay (from [1] abstract description): RAW264.7 cells were seeded at 5×10⁴ cells/well in 96-well plates and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 1 hour. Cells were treated with Limonin (10–100 μM) for 24 hours. Culture supernatants were collected for NO detection (Griess reagent: absorbance 540 nm) and TNF-α quantification (ELISA). Cell viability was measured via MTT assay (absorbance 570 nm) [1] - MCF-7 cell proliferation assay (from [3] abstract description): MCF-7 cells were seeded at 1×10⁴ cells/well and treated with Limonin (25–100 μM) for 48 hours. MTT reagent was added (4-hour incubation), and absorbance at 570 nm was measured to calculate cell viability. For cell cycle analysis, cells were fixed with 70% ethanol, stained with propidium iodide (PI), and analyzed by flow cytometry [3] |
| Animal Protocol |
0.05% limonin in diet
Female Syrian hamsters and rats Rat paw edema model (from [3] abstract description): Male Wistar rats (150–200 g) were divided into 3 groups: (1) Vehicle control: 0.5% DMSO + 0.9% saline (oral); (2) Limonin 25 mg/kg: dissolved in 0.5% DMSO + 0.9% saline (oral); (3) Limonin 50 mg/kg (same solvent, oral). Paw edema was induced by subplantar injection of 0.1 mL carrageenan (1% w/v) 1 hour after drug administration. Paw volume was measured using a plethysmometer at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post-carrageenan injection; measurements were repeated daily for 3 days [3] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In RAW264.7 macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), no significant cytotoxicity was observed after 24 hours of treatment with 100 μM citrate (cell viability >90% vs. solvent control group) [1,3]
- In normal human foreskin fibroblasts (NHFFs), after 48 hours of treatment with 100 μM citrate, cell viability decreased by <10% (MTT assay), indicating low toxicity to normal cells [3] |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Limonene is a limonene compound belonging to the epoxide, hexacyclic triterpenoid, furan, organic heterocyclic, and lactone classes. It functions as a metabolite, inhibitor, and volatile oil component. Limonene has been reported to be found in Raulinoa echinata, Citrus tankan, and other organisms with relevant data.
Limonene is a limonene compound naturally found in citrus fruits (e.g., oranges, lemons, grapefruits); it is classified as a plant secondary metabolite and has traditionally been used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties [1,3] - Its anti-inflammatory mechanism involves downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, IL-6) by inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX-2, although the exact signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB) are not specified in the abstract [1,3] - Limonene has selective antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger), but is ineffective against non-pathogenic yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) [2] |
| Molecular Formula |
C26H30O8
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| Molecular Weight |
470.51
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| Exact Mass |
470.194
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 66.37; H, 6.43; O, 27.20
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| CAS # |
1180-71-8
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| Related CAS # |
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| PubChem CID |
179651
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
668.4±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
298ºC
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| Flash Point |
358.0±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.602
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| LogP |
1.66
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
34
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| Complexity |
1010
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
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| SMILES |
O1[C@]2([H])C(=O)O[C@@]([H])(C3=C([H])OC([H])=C3[H])[C@]3(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]4([H])[C@@]56C([H])([H])OC(C([H])([H])[C@]5([H])OC(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])[C@]6([H])C([H])([H])C([C@@]4(C([H])([H])[H])[C@]132)=O)=O
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| InChi Key |
KBDSLGBFQAGHBE-MSGMIQHVSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H30O8/c1-22(2)15-9-16(27)24(4)14(25(15)12-31-18(28)10-17(25)33-22)5-7-23(3)19(13-6-8-30-11-13)32-21(29)20-26(23,24)34-20/h6,8,11,14-15,17,19-20H,5,7,9-10,12H2,1-4H3/t14-,15-,17-,19-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1R,2R,7S,10R,13R,14R,16S,19S,20S)-19-(furan-3-yl)-9,9,13,20-tetramethyl-4,8,15,18-tetraoxahexacyclo[11.9.0.02,7.02,10.014,16.014,20]docosane-5,12,17-trione
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| Synonyms |
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
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| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1254 mL | 10.6268 mL | 21.2535 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4251 mL | 2.1254 mL | 4.2507 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2125 mL | 1.0627 mL | 2.1254 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT02011789 | Completed | Dietary Supplement: Citrus Limonoid Beverage Dietary Supplement: Placebo beverage |
Hypercholesterolemia | USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center |
April 2007 | Not Applicable |
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Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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