| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Target: Isovalerylcarnitine targets calpain (human neutrophil calpain)[1]
Isovalerylcarnitine targets high calcium-requiring calpain forms[3] |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Isovalerylcarnitine decreases proliferation and causes early, significant phagocytosis and cell death in U937 leukemia cells [2].
Isovalerylcarnitine specifically activates calpain isolated from human neutrophils, enhancing its proteolytic activity; the activation is concentration-dependent, with significant effects observed at physiological concentrations[1] Isovalerylcarnitine modulates immune function by promoting lymphocyte proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of immune cells; it exhibits no cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at the tested concentrations (10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM)[2] Isovalerylcarnitine specifically activates high calcium-requiring calpain isoforms without affecting low calcium-requiring calpain; the activation is calcium-dependent (requires ≥100 μM Ca²⁺) and reversible[3] |
| Enzyme Assay |
For human neutrophil calpain activation assay: Isolate calpain from human neutrophils through homogenization and sequential centrifugation; prepare reaction mixture containing calpain, Ca²⁺, and gradient concentrations of Isovalerylcarnitine in appropriate buffer; incubate at 37°C for a predetermined time; measure proteolytic activity using a specific peptide substrate and quantify the product via spectrophotometry[1]
For high calcium-requiring calpain activation assay: Separate high and low calcium-requiring calpain forms from tissue homogenates by ion-exchange chromatography; prepare reaction system with purified high calcium-requiring calpain, Ca²⁺ (≥100 μM), and Isovalerylcarnitine; incubate at 30°C for 15-30 minutes; assess calpain activity by detecting hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate and quantifying the released product[3] |
| Cell Assay |
For immune cell function and apoptosis assay: Isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors; culture PBMCs in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum; treat cells with Isovalerylcarnitine at 10 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM; incubate for 48 hours and evaluate lymphocyte proliferation via [³H]-thymidine incorporation assay; for apoptosis detection, incubate cells with the same concentrations of Isovalerylcarnitine for 72 hours and analyze apoptosis using Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining flow cytometry[2]
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
O-Isovalerylcarnitine is a C5 acylcarnitine with an isovaleryl substituent. It is a human metabolite and is functionally related to isovaleric acid.
Isovallerylcarnitine has been reported in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Euglena gracilis, and relevant data are available. Isovalerylcarnitine is a naturally occurring acylcarnitine involved in fatty acid metabolism[1][3]. Specific activation of calpain by isovalerylcarnitine suggests that it plays a role in regulating calcium-dependent proteolytic pathways in immune cells[1][3]. Isovalerylcarnitine shows potential as an immunomodulator by regulating lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis without causing significant cytotoxicity[2]. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H23NO4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
245.31532
|
| Exact Mass |
245.163
|
| CAS # |
31023-24-2
|
| Related CAS # |
Isovalerylcarnitine chloride;139144-12-0
|
| PubChem CID |
6426851
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| LogP |
1.6
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
17
|
| Complexity |
263
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
IGQBPDJNUXPEMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H23NO4/c1-9(2)6-12(16)17-10(7-11(14)15)8-13(3,4)5/h9-10H,6-8H2,1-5H3
|
| Chemical Name |
3-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~407.63 mM)
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~203.82 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.0763 mL | 20.3815 mL | 40.7631 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8153 mL | 4.0763 mL | 8.1526 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4076 mL | 2.0382 mL | 4.0763 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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