| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Calpain (human neutrophil calpain). Isovalerylcarnitine chloride is a potent activator of human neutrophil calpain, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease involved in various cellular processes including cell migration, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. The compound is a product of L-leucine catabolism and an acylcarnitine that participates in fatty acid metabolism and energy production. It increases survival and decreases apoptosis in growth factor-deprived hepatocytes.
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| ln Vitro |
Isovalerylcarnitine chloride is a potent activator of human neutrophil calpain. It increases survival and decreases apoptosis in hepatocyte growth factor-deprived murine C2.8 hepatocytes when used at a concentration of 1 mM. As an acylcarnitine, it is involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound shows no other specific in vitro bioactivity data in the reference sources.
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| ln Vivo |
No in vivo activity data for Isovalerylcarnitine chloride as a drug are provided in the reference sources. As an endogenous metabolite, it is present naturally in the body and is involved in normal metabolic processes. Exogenous administration might affect fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory responses, but these effects have not been detailed in the reference materials.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Not explicitly detailed in reference sources. A typical calpain activity assay involves incubating purified human neutrophil calpain with a fluorogenic calpain substrate (e.g., Suc-LLVY-AMC) in the presence of Ca2+ and Isovalerylcarnitine chloride. Calpain activity is measured by the increase in fluorescence over time, with calpain activation confirmed by increased cleavage of the substrate.
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| Cell Assay |
Not explicitly detailed in reference sources. A cell-based calpain activation assay would involve treating human neutrophils with Isovalerylcarnitine chloride (0.1-1000 microM) for 30-60 minutes, then measuring calpain activity using a cell-permeable fluorogenic calpain substrate or by detecting calpain-mediated cleavage of known substrates (e.g., talin, spectrin) by Western blot.
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| Animal Protocol |
No animal experimental protocols for Isovalerylcarnitine chloride are provided in the reference sources. As an endogenous metabolite, studies would likely involve metabolic tracing or investigation of its role in L-leucine catabolism and its effects on inflammatory conditions where calpain activation is implicated, using rodent models.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Isovalerylcarnitine chloride has a molecular weight of 281.78 and formula C12H24ClNO4. It is soluble in DMSO (≥100 mg/mL, 354.89 mM). In vitro solubility is high, and for in vivo formulation, co-solvent systems (e.g., 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% saline) can be used. Storage should be at -20degC as powder.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No detailed toxicity data for Isovalerylcarnitine chloride are provided in the reference sources. As an endogenous metabolite normally present in the body, it is likely well-tolerated at physiological levels. However, the safety of exogenous administration at supraphysiological doses has not been characterized. The compound is for research use only.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Isovalerylcarnitine chloride is an endogenous metabolite and research compound, not a drug candidate with approved indications. It serves as a tool for studying L-leucine metabolism, calpain activation, and acylcarnitine biology. Elevated levels of isovalerylcarnitine are observed in isovaleric acidemia, a metabolic disorder, making it a useful biomarker for this condition. The compound is also a potential biomarker for other metabolic diseases.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12NO4.CL-
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
257.5857
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| Exact Mass |
281.139
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| CAS # |
139144-12-0
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| Related CAS # |
Isovalerylcarnitine;31023-24-2;Isovalerylcarnitine-d3 chloride;Isovalerylcarnitine-d9 chloride;1334532-23-8
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| PubChem CID |
25105259
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
1.927
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
268
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC(C)CC(=O)O[C@H](CC(=O)O)C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-]
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| InChi Key |
HWDFIOSIRGUUSM-HNCPQSOCSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H23NO4.ClH/c1-9(2)6-12(16)17-10(7-11(14)15)8-13(3,4)5;/h9-10H,6-8H2,1-5H3;1H/t10-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2R)-3-carboxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)propyl]-trimethylazanium;chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~354.89 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.8821 mL | 19.4107 mL | 38.8214 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7764 mL | 3.8821 mL | 7.7643 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3882 mL | 1.9411 mL | 3.8821 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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