Glutaric acid (GA) at 1 and 2 mM was able to decrease TRAP readings in a dose-dependent manner by up to 28% (β=0.77; P<0.001). Furthermore, it was confirmed that there is a substantial negative association (β=0.81; P<0.001) between chemiluminescence and TRAP. Although glutaric acid severely reduced (up to 46%) the activity of GPx even at lower concentrations (0.5 mM), it had no effect on the activity of Cat or SOD. At as little as 0.05 mM, this metabolite was shown to block this activity in a dose-dependent manner [1].

Metabolism / Metabolites
Compared to glutaryl-CoA (COA), rat liver mitochondria metabolize glutaric acid very slowly. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the stoichiometric conversion of glutaryl-CoA into 1 mole of carbon dioxide and 1 mole of crotonyl-CoA or its intermediate metabolites, yielding approximately 44-fold and 100-fold purifications from bovine liver and kidney mitochondria, respectively. The Km value of glutaryl-CoA is 3.3 μM.

Toxicity Summary
Glutamic acid accumulation in the body has been proven toxic. In glutamateuria, the degree of glutamate accumulation ranges from mild or intermittent elevation of urinary glutamate to severe organic aciduria. Type 1 glutamateuria is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan. Interactions Lithium chloride (1.15 g) or lithium carbamate (1.5–4 g) can increase renal glutamate excretion in patients with bipolar disorder. The effect of lithium may be due to reduced renal tubular reabsorption.

[1]. Yang SY, et, al. Production of glutaric acid from 5-aminovaleric acid by robust whole-cell immobilized with polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2019 Sep;128:72-78.
[2]. Boy N, et, al. Proposed recommendations for diagnosing and managing individuals with glutaric aciduria type I: second revision. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2017 Jan;40(1):75-101.
[3]. Isasi E, et, al. Glutaric Acid Affects Pericyte Contractility and Migration: Possible Implications for GA-I Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Nov;56(11):7694-7707.

Glutaric acid is a colorless crystal or white solid. (NTP, 1992)
Glutaric acid is an α,ω-dicarboxylic acid, belonging to the linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acids. It is a metabolite in both humans and the large flea (Daphnia magna). It is an α,ω-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic acid fatty acid. It is the conjugate acid of glutaric acid (1-) and glutaric acid.
Glutaric acid is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain).
Glutaric acid has also been reported in soybean (Glycine max), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and other organisms with relevant data.
Glutaric acid is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric aciduria is characterized by the accumulation of glutaric acid in the body, ranging from mild or intermittent elevation of urinary glutaric acid to severe organic aciduria. Glutamic aciduria type I is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan. Glutamic aciduria type I leads to nonspecific developmental delay, hypotonia, and macrocephaly, often accompanied by prenatal brain atrophy. Treatment primarily involves restricting lysine intake, carnitine supplementation, and intensive therapy during concurrent illness. The main principle of dietary therapy is to reduce the production of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid by restricting protein intake, especially lysine (A3441, A3442).
See also: Carboxylic acids, C6-18 and C5-15-dicarboxylic acids (notes moved to); Carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, C4-6 (notes moved to).
Therapeutic uses

Experimental uses: Glutamic acid has in vitro antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, such as rhinovirus and herpesvirus.
Drugs (Veterinary Drugs): Glutaric acid and para-aminobenzoic acid can block net fluid secretion caused by cholera toxin or heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. The tissue examined was the ligated jejunal loop of weaned piglets.
Drugs for Animal Diabetes and Biochemical Research

C5H8O4

132.1146

132.042

110-94-1

Glutaric acid-d6;154184-99-3;Glutaric acid-d4;19136-99-3;Glutaric acid-d2;43087-19-0

743

LARGE, MONOCLINIC PRISMS
COLORLESS CRYSTALS

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

302.9±15.0 °C at 760 mmHg

95-98 °C(lit.)

151.2±16.9 °C

0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.477

-1.04

2

4

4

9

104

0

O([H])C(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])=O

JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C5H8O4/c6-4(7)2-1-3-5(8)9/h1-3H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)

pentanedioic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~946.11 mM)
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~756.89 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (15.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (15.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (15.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)