| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
BAZ2B (bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B); APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1); HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha). Glucosamine HCl is a multifunctional inhibitor with activity against BAZ2B (potency 1258.9 nM) and APE1 (potency 2818.4 nM). It inhibits HIF-1α at the protein level and decreases phosphorylation of translation-related proteins p70S6K and S6. It may also modulate inflammatory pathways.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
The DPPH antioxidant activity of glucosesamine hydrochloride (D-glucosamine hydrochloride) is dose-dependent [2]. A four-hour short-term therapy with glucosamine hydrochloride can decrease the phosphorylation of translation-related proteins p70S6K and S6 and inhibit HIF-1α at the protein level [3]. In renal cells treated with TGF-β1 and blocked kidneys, glucosesamine hydrochloride greatly lowers renal expression of fibronectin, type I collagen, and α-smooth muscle actin [4].
Glucosamine HCl demonstrates antioxidant activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner in DPPH assays. It inhibits HIF-1α at the protein level and decreases phosphorylation of translation-related proteins p70S6K and S6. In renal cells, it decreases expression of fibronectin, collagen I, and α-smooth muscle actin. It has been shown to inhibit BAZ2B and APE1. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Glucosamine HCl has been shown to decrease renal expression of fibronectin, collagen I, and α-smooth muscle actin in obstructed kidneys. It has been studied for its effects on osteoarthritis and joint health. The compound is used as a dietary supplement and has been investigated for its anti-inflammatory properties in rheumatoid arthritis.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for Glucosamine HCl include DPPH antioxidant activity assays. Enzyme inhibition assays for BAZ2B and APE1 are performed using recombinant enzymes and appropriate substrates. HIF-1α inhibition is assessed by measuring HIF-1α protein levels in treated cells. TGF-β1-treated renal cells are used to assess effects on fibronectin and collagen expression.
|
| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for Glucosamine HCl involve culturing renal cells, chondrocytes, or other cell types. Cells are treated with Glucosamine HCl at varying concentrations (typically 0.1-10 mM). HIF-1α protein levels are measured by Western blotting. Fibronectin, collagen I, and α-smooth muscle actin expression are assessed by Western blotting or qPCR. Cell viability is measured using standard assays.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Glucosamine HCl have been conducted in rodent models of kidney obstruction to assess its effects on renal fibrosis. The compound is typically administered orally or intraperitoneally. Effects on cartilage and joint health have been studied in osteoarthritis models. Dosing regimens vary depending on the study and application.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Glucosamine HCl has a molecular weight of 215.63 and a molecular formula of C6H14ClNO5. It is soluble in water and is typically stored as a powder at -20°C for up to 3 years or at 4°C for up to 2 years. In solvent, it can be stored at -80°C for up to 6 months. The compound is well absorbed after oral administration and is used as a dietary supplement.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glucosamine HCl is generally considered safe and well-tolerated at recommended doses. It is a dietary supplement and is not associated with significant toxicity. However, it may cause mild gastrointestinal side effects in some individuals. The compound is not approved as a drug for disease treatment but is available as a nutritional supplement.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
See also: Glucosamine hydrochloride (note moved to).
Glucosamine HCl is an amino sugar used as a dietary supplement for joint health. It is a natural component of cartilage and synovial fluid. The compound has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug but is widely available as a supplement. Its molecular formula is C6H14ClNO5. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H14CLNO5
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
215.6321
|
| Exact Mass |
215.056
|
| CAS # |
66-84-2
|
| Related CAS # |
Glucosamine;3416-24-8;Glucosamine sulfate;29031-19-4;Glucosamine-13C hydrochloride;84247-63-2;Glucosamine-2-13C hydrochloride;1220349-37-0;Glucosamine-13C,15N hydrochloride;143553-09-7;Glucosamine-6-13C hydrochloride;Glucosamine-15N hydrochloride;42927-60-6;Glucosamine-13C6,15N hydrochloride
|
| PubChem CID |
2723635
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Boiling Point |
449.9ºC at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
190-194ºC
|
| Flash Point |
225.9ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
72 ° (C=1， H2O)
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
13
|
| Complexity |
155
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(O1)O)N)O)O)O.Cl
|
| InChi Key |
QKPLRMLTKYXDST-NSEZLWDYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H13NO5.ClH/c7-3-5(10)4(9)2(1-8)12-6(3)11;/h2-6,8-11H,1,7H2;1H/t2-,3-,4-,5-,6?;/m1./s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4,5-triol;hydrochloride
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~463.76 mM)
H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~231.88 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.6376 mL | 23.1879 mL | 46.3757 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9275 mL | 4.6376 mL | 9.2751 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4638 mL | 2.3188 mL | 4.6376 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT01425853 | Completed | Drug: Chondroitin/Glucosamine (Droglican)
Drug: Celecoxib |
Knee Osteoarthritis | Bioiberica | 2011-09 | Phase 4 |
| NCT01906801 | Completed | Drug: Glucosamine sulfate Drug: Diacerein Drug: Placebo (for Diacerein) |
lucosamine Diacerein Osteoarthritis |
Ramathibodi Hospital | 2013-07 | Phase 4 |
| NCT02010918 | Completed | Drug: glucosamine sulfate /chondroitin sulfate - capsules Drug: glucosamine sulfate /chondroitin sulfate - sachet Drug: Cosamin DS® |
Knee Osteoarthritis | Ache Laboratorios Farmaceuticos S.A. | 2009-02 | Phase 3 |
| NCT00955552 | Completed | Drug: Glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin sulphate association Drug: Cosamin DS® (Nutramax) |
Osteoarthritis of the Knee | Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A. | 2010-08 | Phase 3 |
| NCT00065377 | Completed | Drug: Glucosamine Hydrochloride | Insulin Resistance Obesity |
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) |
2003-07 | Phase 1 |
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