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| Targets |
Ganciclovir sodium targets viral DNA polymerase. The active metabolite ganciclovir-TP competes as a substrate with nucleotide triphosphates for viral DNA polymerase. Once incorporated into the growing DNA strand, it prevents further polymerization of DNA, thereby interfering with viral DNA replication. The antiviral activity is highly selective because the drug must be converted to its active form by a virus-encoded cellular enzyme, thymidine kinase (TK), which is present in virus-infected cells. Ganciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits dATP, leading to the formation of faulty DNA.
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| ln Vitro |
Acyclic deoxyguanosine analog ganciclovir (BW 759) possesses strong anti-CMV action and resembles acyclovir in structure. Compared to 72 μM for acyclovir, the median dose of ganciclovir needed to suppress viral reproduction by 50% is 2.15 μM [4]. Using ganciclovir-5'-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP), ganciclovir inhibits viral DNA replication, which is the primary mechanism of action against CMV. Viral DNA polymerase is specifically and potently inhibited by this inhibitor. Three biological enzymes mostly convert ganciclovir to its triphosphate form: phosphoglycerate kinase, guanylate kinase, and deoxyguanosine kinase, which is activated in CMV-infected cells [5].
Ganciclovir sodium inhibits the in vitro replication of human herpes viruses including HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV, as well as adenovirus serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 19, 22, and 28. The compound's antiviral activity is highly selective for virus-infected cells due to the requirement for viral thymidine kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Once converted to its active triphosphate form, ganciclovir-TP effectively inhibits viral DNA polymerase, blocking viral DNA synthesis. The compound's activity against CMV makes it particularly valuable for research and clinical applications. |
| ln Vivo |
For a total of five intraperitoneal injections, ganciclovir (BW 759) (50 mg/kg) drastically lowers white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in neonatal mice. It can also spread to the outer ear and brain. The space of lymph. 3]. In mice infected with the cytomegalovirus (MCMV), ganciclovir (1–80 mg/kg; intravenously; once daily for 5 days) postpones wasting syndrome and mortality [6].
Ganciclovir sodium is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. The compound's antiviral activity inhibits virus replication in vivo through the same mechanism as in vitro: phosphorylation to the active triphosphate, competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, and chain termination during DNA synthesis. The drug's selectivity for virus-infected cells ensures targeted antiviral activity with reduced off-target effects. Its clinical efficacy in CMV infections has been well established. Ganciclovir sodium is administered intravenously due to its water-soluble formulation. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for ganciclovir sodium typically involve measuring the inhibition of viral DNA polymerase activity using purified enzyme preparations. The compound is first converted to its active triphosphate form using appropriate kinases, and then tested for its ability to compete with natural nucleotide substrates for incorporation into DNA. The inhibition of DNA polymerization is measured using radiolabeled nucleotides or fluorescent probes. These cell-free assays provide mechanistic insights into the compound's antiviral activity and are used to study polymerase inhibition and replication fidelity.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for ganciclovir sodium involve treating virus-infected cell cultures with varying concentrations of the compound to assess antiviral efficacy. Cells are infected with herpesviruses or adenoviruses and then treated with ganciclovir sodium at multiple concentrations. Viral replication is quantified by measuring viral DNA levels via qPCR, plaque reduction assays, or by assessing cytopathic effect reduction. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) is determined from dose-response curves. Cytotoxicity is simultaneously assessed to calculate the selectivity index. These assays are critical for evaluating antiviral potency and studying drug resistance mechanisms.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: non-inbred Oncins France 1 (OF1) mice and albino rats without MCMV immunization [3]
Doses: 50 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection, twice a day, for 5 consecutive injections (mouse ) or 3 days (adult rats) ) (pharmacokinetic/PK/PK study) Experimental Results: In adult rats, intracochlear diffusion of ganciclovir reaches the same concentration as in blood. In pregnant mice, transplacental spread was observed with a fetal to maternal blood ratio of 0.5. In neonatal mice, plasma concentrations of ganciclovir peak within 2 hrs (hrs (hours)) and gradually decrease thereafter. In adult mice, concentrations peaked at 1 hour but became undetectable at 2 hrs (hrs (hours)) post-injection. White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets were Dramatically diminished in newborn mice. Animal/Disease Models: Female SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mouse vaccinated with MCMV[6] Doses: 0, 1, 10, 80 and 160 mg/kg Route of Administration: subcutaneous injection, one time/day for 5 days Experimental Results: Within a certain dose range, dose-dependent Delayed wasting syndrome In vivo animal experiments for ganciclovir sodium have been conducted in models of CMV and herpesvirus infections. Animal models include immunocompromised mice or guinea pigs infected with CMV or other herpesviruses. The compound is typically administered intravenously due to its water-soluble formulation. Efficacy endpoints include viral load reduction in target tissues, survival rates, and histopathological analysis. Pharmacokinetic studies are often performed alongside efficacy studies to establish exposure-response relationships. These preclinical studies support the compound's clinical use for CMV infections. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Ganciclovir sodium is the water-soluble sodium salt form of ganciclovir. The sodium salt formulation enhances aqueous solubility compared to the free base, facilitating intravenous administration. Following administration, ganciclovir is phosphorylated intracellularly to its active triphosphate form, which achieves therapeutic concentrations in virus-infected cells. The compound's pharmacokinetic profile has been well characterized in clinical settings. It is distributed to various tissues, with good penetration into the central nervous system. The drug is primarily eliminated by renal excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of ganciclovir sodium is well documented from its clinical use. Common adverse effects include myelosuppression (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), gastrointestinal disturbances, and nephrotoxicity. The compound's selectivity for virus-infected cells reduces but does not eliminate toxicity to host cells. Bone marrow suppression is a dose-limiting toxicity that requires careful monitoring during therapy. The compound is contraindicated in patients with severe hypersensitivity to ganciclovir or acyclovir. Preclinical toxicology studies have established the safety profile for clinical use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ganciclovir sodium may cause developmental toxicity and male reproductive toxicity, depending on state or federal labeling requirements. Ganciclovir is an antiviral prescription drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis) in immunocompromised adults, including those with HIV. Ganciclovir is also FDA-approved for the prevention of CMV infection in organ transplant recipients (who are at risk of CMV infection). CMV infection, including CMV retinitis, can be an opportunistic infection (OI) of HIV. Ganciclovir sodium is the sodium salt form of ganciclovir, a synthetic antiviral purine nucleoside analog with antiviral activity, particularly effective against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Ganciclovir sodium is a prodrug that is phosphorylated by cellular kinases within infected cells to its triphosphate form, the active metabolite ganciclovir-5-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP). Ganciclovir-TP acts as a substrate, competing with nucleoside triphosphates for viral DNA polymerase. Once incorporated into the DNA strand, it prevents further DNA polymerization, thereby interfering with viral DNA replication. Ganciclovir is an acyclovir analog and a potent inhibitor of the herpesvirus family, including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications arising from HIV-related cytomegalovirus infection.
Ganciclovir sodium is the water-soluble sodium salt of ganciclovir, a synthetic purine nucleoside analog with potent antiviral activity against CMV and other herpesviruses. It is a prodrug that is phosphorylated to its active triphosphate form, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase and terminates DNA chain elongation. The compound's antiviral activity is selective for virus-infected cells due to the requirement for viral thymidine kinase-mediated activation. Ganciclovir sodium is used clinically to treat AIDS-associated CMV infections. It is also known as Cytovene IV. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H12N5NAO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
277.21
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| Exact Mass |
277.078
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 38.99; H, 4.36
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| CAS # |
107910-75-8
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| Related CAS # |
Ganciclovir;82410-32-0;Ganciclovir hydrate;1359968-33-4
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| PubChem CID |
23700083
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.81g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
675ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
250ºC (decomposition)
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| Flash Point |
362ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
273
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C(C(CO)OCN1C=NC2=C1NC(=N)N=C2[O-])O.[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
JJICLMJFIKGAAU-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H13N5O4.Na/c10-9-12-7-6(8(17)13-9)11-3-14(7)4-18-5(1-15)2-16;/h3,5,15-16H,1-2,4H2,(H3,10,12,13,17);/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;2-amino-9-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxymethyl)purin-6-olate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 8 mg/mL(28.86 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 25 mg/mL (90.18 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6074 mL | 18.0369 mL | 36.0737 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7215 mL | 3.6074 mL | 7.2147 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3607 mL | 1.8037 mL | 3.6074 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03586284
Conditions:Cytomegalovirus Anterior UveitisLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2009-015965-29
Condition:Patients with a first episode of positive CMV-PCR (DNAemia) or pp65 antigenemia assay (antigenemia) up to 100 days after allogeneic SCT.Link: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2010-020551-31
Condition:First cytomegalovirus DNAemia after stem cell transplantationProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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