| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 25g |
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Purity: ≥98%
Epinephrine bitartrate (Adrenalinium; L-Adrenaline, l-Epinephrine, (-)-Adrenaline acid, (-)-Adrenaline), the bitartrate salt of epinenphrine which is the active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla, is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulator. It causes gastrointestinal relaxation and vasoconstriction, stimulates the heart, dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels, and activates the alpha- and beta-adrenergic systems. It is used to postpone the absorption of local anesthetics and to treat asthma and heart failure.
| Targets |
α2 adr; α2-adrenergic receptor; α-adrenergic receptor; β-adrenergic receptor
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| ln Vitro |
Dose and time response study on the effect of epinephrine on the Na+/K+-ATPase
Epinephrine (dissolved in ascorbic acid 0.5M) reduced in a dose and time-dependent manner the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase in Caco-2 cells. The highest inhibitory effect was observed at 20 min and at a dose of 0.5 mM. Accordingly in all other experiments cell were treated with epinephrine for 20min and at a concentration of 0.5mM. Ascorbic acid alone exerted no significant effect on the activity of the pump. Epinephrine acts via alpha-2 adrenergic receptors The inhibitory effect of epinephrine on the Na+/K+-ATPase persisted when the cells were pre- incubated with of 0.03 mM propranolol (non selective β-adrenergic blocker) or 50 μM prazosin (selective α1 antagonist), but was no longer apparent in the presence of 0.1 mM yohimbine, a selective α2- adrenergic antagonist, suggesting that epinephrine exerts its effect by exclusively binding to its α2-adrenergic receptors.[2] |
| ln Vivo |
The present study examined the memory modulatory effect of epinephrine on latent learning of an inhibitory avoidance task. Male Sprague-Dawley rats on the first day were subjected to one of three conditions (no, short or long) in pre-exposure to the task apparatus. One day or several days later, they received the typical inhibitory avoidance training with a 0.5 mA/0.5 s foot shock. Memory of the inhibitory avoidance response was tested one day after the foot-shock training. The long pre-exposure group showed better memory than the no or short pre-exposure group, and this latent memory could last for 6 days: Retention scores of the long pre-exposure group were significantly better than those of the no pre-exposure group if the shock training was given 3 or 6 days, but not 12 or 21 days, after the pre-exposure. Epinephrine injected after the pre-exposure training modulated the latent memory in a dose- and time-dependent manner: 0.01 mg/kg given shortly after the short pre-exposure enhanced the memory, but 0.5 mg/kg given shortly after the long pre-exposure impaired it. Epinephrine injected 4 h after the pre-exposure had no effect, neither did that given to rats pre-exposed to a different context. Epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) also made the latent memory lasting longer as the rats treated with it showed significant avoidance behavior when they had the shock training at 12 or 21 days after the pre-exposure. These findings suggest that epinephrine could modulate memory formed in the latent learning.[3]
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| Enzyme Assay |
Effect of epinephrine on the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase Dose and time response studies were conducted. Caco-2 cells were treated with epinephrine for different time intervals (0; 10; 20; 45;75 min) and at different concentrations (0; 0.05; 0.2; 0.5; 0.8 mM). Epinephrine was dissolved in 0.5M ascorbic acid. The positive and negative control groups were incubated with and without ascorbic acid respectively.[2]
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| Cell Assay |
Cell culture of CaCo-2 cells CaCo-2 cells were used at passages 25–32. They were grown, at a density of 1200,000/well, on 100mm culture dishes in DMEM containing 4500 mg L-1 Glucose, sodium pyruvate, 1% Penicillin (100 μg mL-1), streptomycin (100 μg mL-1), 10% FBS, in a humidified incubator (95% O2, 5% CO2) at 37°C. Cells were always treated at 80–90% confluence.[2]
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| Animal Protocol |
Epinephrine in a 1 mg/ml solution and diluted by 0.9% saline to the appropriate concentrations for subcutaneous injections. For the immediate injection, rats were retrieved from the apparatus at the end of the pre-exposure phase and given the assigned injection before returning to their home cages. For the delayed injection, rats returned to their home cages after the pre-exposure training and received the drug 4 h later.[3]
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| References |
[1]. Am J Physiol. 1982 Apr;242(4):H593-601.
[2]. PLoS One. 2018; 13(2): e0193139. [3]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2021 Jul:182:107447. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H19NO9
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| Molecular Weight |
333.29
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| Exact Mass |
333.11
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 46.85; H, 5.75; N, 4.20; O, 43.20
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| CAS # |
51-42-3
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| tPSA |
188Ų
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| SMILES |
CNC[C@@H](C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O.[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O)O)(C(=O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
YLXIPWWIOISBDD-NDAAPVSOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H13NO3.C4H6O6/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6;5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3;1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t9-;1-,2-/m01/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
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| Synonyms |
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
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| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
N/A (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)
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| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0004 mL | 15.0020 mL | 30.0039 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6001 mL | 3.0004 mL | 6.0008 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3000 mL | 1.5002 mL | 3.0004 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT05738148 | Recruiting | Drug: Vasopressin Drug: Epinephrine |
Cardiac Arrest Neonatal | University of Alberta | November 27, 2023 | Phase 1 |
| NCT05193396 | Recruiting | Drug: Hydrocortisone Drug: Placebo |
Adrenal Insufficiency | Marianne Andersen | February 1, 2022 | Phase 4 |
| NCT02692313 | Recruiting | Drug: Epinephrine Other: Saline infusion |
Diabetes Complications | University of Maryland, Baltimore | June 2016 | Early Phase 1 |
| NCT06115473 | Recruiting | Drug: epinephrine Drug: isotonic fluid |
Shock | Ain Shams University | August 1, 2023 | Not Applicable |
| NCT03936517 | Recruiting | Drug: Prednisolone Drug: Hydrocortisone |
Adrenal Insufficiency | Imperial College London | July 31, 2019 | Phase 3 |
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