| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
DMNQ is a non-alkylating redox cycling quinone. It is a cell-permeable, non-alkylating, non-thiol adduct-forming redox cycling quinone. DMNQ increases ROS generation and can be used to study reactive oxidant species and oxidative stress.
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| ln Vitro |
H2O2 production in A549-S cells can be induced in a concentration-dependent manner by DMNQ (20-100 μM; 30 minutes) [1]. In a concentration- and time-dependent manner, DMNQ (5-10 μM; 0-24 h) can raise the activity of γ-glutamine cysteine amino acid synthetase (γGCS) in L2 cells to 70%. Contents of GSH (antioxidant function of the body) [2].
In vitro, DMNQ is an oxidizing quinone with no alkylating activity. It has a relatively low reduction potential so that it can undergo redox cycling reactions. The compound induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. The amount of oxidative stress is proportional to the amount of DMNQ applied. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, DMNQ has been studied for its biological activity and potential therapeutic applications. It is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including the medicinal herb Impatiens balsamina. The compound's redox-cycling activity can alter diverse cellular parameters, including signal transduction, mitochondrial function, and gene expression.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for DMNQ typically involve measuring its redox-cycling activity and ability to generate reactive oxygen species. The compound's reduction potential is determined using cyclic voltammetry. Its ability to generate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is measured using fluorescent probes (e.g., DCFH-DA, dihydroethidium). The compound's interaction with redox-sensitive enzymes (e.g., NADPH oxidases) can also be assessed.
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| Cell Assay |
Western Blot Analysis[2]
Cell Types: L2 Tested Concentrations: 5 μM, 10 μM Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Increased γGCS-HS protein levels. Cell-based assays for DMNQ involve treating various cell types with the compound and measuring oxidative stress markers. ROS generation is detected using fluorescent probes (DCFH-DA, MitoSOX). Cellular effects assessed include viability (MTT assay), apoptosis (caspase activation, Annexin V), and necrosis. Mitochondrial function is evaluated using JC-1 or TMRE staining. The compound's effects are dependent on concentration and cell type. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for DMNQ are limited, as the compound is primarily used as a research tool for in vitro studies. When used in vivo, the compound is administered to study oxidative stress and its effects on various physiological processes. Tissue oxidative stress markers are measured. The compound's effects on inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, or other oxidative stress-related conditions can be assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of DMNQ are characteristic of small quinone compounds. The compound is cell-permeable and readily enters cells. Following administration, it is distributed to tissues, where it undergoes redox cycling. Metabolism involves reduction and conjugation reactions. The compound's half-life is relatively short due to its redox activity. Excretion occurs primarily through renal pathways.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological profile of DMNQ is related to its redox-cycling activity. The compound induces oxidative stress, which can cause cellular damage at high concentrations. Cellular effects include apoptosis, necrosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The compound's toxicity is concentration-dependent. It is used as a tool to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
2,3-Dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione is a naphthoquinone, a compound containing two methoxy substituents at the 2 and 3 positions of 1,4-naphthoquinone. It is a redox cyclic agent that induces the generation of intracellular superoxide anions and, depending on its concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis, or necrosis. This compound is commonly used to study the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis. It is functionally related to 1,4-naphthoquinone. 2,3-Dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-naphthoquinone has been reported in Newbouldia laevis, and relevant data are available.
DMNQ is a useful research tool for studying reactive oxidant species and oxidative stress. It can be used to eliminate any mechanistic ambiguity involving redox cycling quinoids as the source of reactive oxidant species/oxidative stress in biological studies. The compound is also used to study the role of ROS in cell signaling, mitochondrial function, and gene expression. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H10O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
218.21
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| Exact Mass |
218.058
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| CAS # |
6956-96-3
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| Related CAS # |
6956-96-3;
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| PubChem CID |
3136
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.28g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
392.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
177.6ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.571
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| LogP |
1.57
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
322
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
ZEGDFCCYTFPECB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H10O4/c1-15-11-9(13)7-5-3-4-6-8(7)10(14)12(11)16-2/h3-6H,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
2,3-Dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione
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| Synonyms |
DMNQ NSC 69355 NSC-69355 NSC69355
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~229.14 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (11.46 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (11.46 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.46 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.5827 mL | 22.9137 mL | 45.8274 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9165 mL | 4.5827 mL | 9.1655 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4583 mL | 2.2914 mL | 4.5827 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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