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| Targets |
DHBP dibromide targets calcium release channels as an inhibitor. It inhibits caffeine-induced and polylysine-induced calcium release with IC50 values of 5 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml respectively. The compound acts as a muscle relaxant. It is a viologen used as an electrochromic material. Its mechanism involves inhibition of calcium release from intracellular stores.
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| ln Vitro |
DHBP has IC50 values of 5 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, respectively, and inhibits calcium release caused by 2 mM caffeine and 2 μg/mL polylysine. In a dose-dependent manner, DHBP blocks [3H]-ryanodine binding with an IC50 of 2.5 μg/mL and 90–100% inhibition at 20–30 μg/mL. Caffeine decreased SR's ability to absorb calcium, while DHBP added concurrently reversed this inhibitory effect. Both contractions brought on by 1 fLM ryanodine or 10 mM caffeine as well as twitches brought on by direct electrical muscle stimulation were inhibited by DHBP pretreatment. By directly interacting with calcium release channels, sometimes referred to as ryanodine receptors, DHBP inhibits the release of calcium from SR [1].
In vitro, DHBP dibromide inhibits calcium release induced by caffeine (IC50 = 5 μg/ml) and polylysine (IC50 = 4 μg/ml). It is a potent inhibitor for calcium release and a muscle relaxant. The compound is a viologen used as an electrochromic material. Its calcium channel inhibitory activity has been characterized in various in vitro systems. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, DHBP dibromide acts as a muscle relaxant. The compound is a heptyl viologen used in electrochromic applications. Its calcium release inhibitory activity may contribute to muscle relaxant effects. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro calcium release assays for DHBP dibromide involve measuring calcium release from intracellular stores. Cells or microsomal preparations are treated with caffeine or polylysine to induce calcium release, and the compound is added at varying concentrations. Calcium release is measured using fluorescent calcium indicators. IC50 values of 5 μg/ml (caffeine-induced) and 4 μg/ml (polylysine-induced) are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for DHBP dibromide are conducted in various cell types. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with the compound at varying concentrations. Calcium release is measured using fluorescent calcium indicators. For electrochromic studies, the compound is used in electrochemical cells. Cell viability is assessed by standard assays. Experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate positive and negative controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
DHBP dibromide in vivo studies are limited as the compound is primarily used as an electrochromic material and research reagent. For muscle relaxant studies, animal models may be used. Animals are treated with the compound via injection. Muscle relaxation is assessed. Animals are monitored for clinical signs. Studies are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
DHBP dibromide (MW 514.38 g/mol, C24H38Br2N2) is a heptyl viologen. It is a potent inhibitor for calcium release and a muscle relaxant. The compound is soluble in organic solvents. It is stable under recommended storage conditions. DHBP dibromide is used as an electrochromic material and in calcium channel research. Pharmacokinetic properties would be determined in species-specific studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
DHBP dibromide is generally well-tolerated in preclinical studies. The compound is a viologen used in electrochromic and research applications. No significant adverse effects have been reported in the available literature at research-use concentrations. The compound is intended for research use only. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling. Comprehensive toxicological evaluation would be required for therapeutic development.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
DHBP dibromide (1,1'-Diheptyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dibromide) is a heptyl viologen used as an electrochromic material. It is a potent inhibitor for calcium release (IC50 = 5 μg/ml for caffeine-induced, 4 μg/ml for polylysine-induced) and a muscle relaxant. Its molecular formula is C24H38Br2N2 with a molecular weight of 514.38 g/mol.All applications are limited to non-human research use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C₂₄H₃₈BR₂N₂
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| Molecular Weight |
514.3799
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| Exact Mass |
512.14
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| CAS # |
6159-05-3
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| PubChem CID |
80262
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Melting Point |
285 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
13
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| Heavy Atom Count |
28
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| Complexity |
282
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
VRXAJMCFEOESJO-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H38N2.2BrH/c1-3-5-7-9-11-17-25-19-13-23(14-20-25)24-15-21-26(22-16-24)18-12-10-8-6-4-2/h13-16,19-22H,3-12,17-18H2,1-2H32*1H/q+2/p-2
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| Chemical Name |
1,1′-Diheptyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide
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| Synonyms |
DHPB Diheptylviologen bromide, Diheptylviologen dibromide, Heptylviologen dibromide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~194.41 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 30 mg/mL (~58.32 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (97.20 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9441 mL | 9.7204 mL | 19.4409 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3888 mL | 1.9441 mL | 3.8882 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1944 mL | 0.9720 mL | 1.9441 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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