The primary target of dexivacaine is the voltage-gated sodium channel on neuronal cell membranes. Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. During an action potential, sodium channels open, allowing an influx of sodium ions that depolarizes the membrane and propagates the electrical signal. Dexivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium channels, inhibiting sodium influx and membrane depolarization. This prevents the generation and propagation of action potentials, leading to a temporary loss of sensation in the targeted area. The compound's amide-type structure is characteristic of local anesthetics in the same class as mepivacaine and lidocaine.

In vitro, dexivacaine demonstrates local anesthetic activity by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels and inhibiting sodium influx. As the dextrorotatory enantiomer of mepivacaine, it exhibits analgesic and vasoconstrictive activity. The compound's activity is typically characterized using electrophysiological techniques such as patch-clamp recording on neurons or cells expressing sodium channels, where the compound's effects on sodium current amplitude and channel gating are measured. Receptor binding assays can also be used to measure the compound's affinity for sodium channels. Dexivacaine's in vitro potency and efficacy are compared to those of the racemic mixture and the levorotatory enantiomer to assess stereoselectivity.

In vivo, dexivacaine acts as a local anesthetic, temporarily causing loss of sensation in targeted areas. It exhibits analgesic and vasoconstrictive activity. The compound is used in research to study the stereoselective aspects of local anesthetic action and the pharmacological differences between enantiomers. Its effects are mediated through binding to voltage-gated sodium channels and inhibiting sodium influx. Dexivacaine's in vivo efficacy has been demonstrated in animal models of local anesthesia, where it produces dose-dependent anesthesia with a duration of action similar to other amide-type local anesthetics.

In vitro ion channel assays for dexivacaine measure its effects on voltage-gated sodium channels. Patch-clamp electrophysiology is the gold standard for studying the compound's effects on sodium channels. In these assays, isolated neurons or cells expressing recombinant sodium channels are voltage-clamped, and the effects of dexivacaine on sodium current amplitude and channel gating are measured. The compound's use-dependent block and voltage-dependent block can also be assessed. These assays provide detailed information on the compound's mechanism of action and potency at the ion channel level.

In vitro cell-based assays for dexivacaine are typically not performed, as the compound's mechanism of action is direct ion channel modulation rather than effects on cellular signaling pathways. However, cytotoxicity assays using neuronal cell lines can be conducted to assess the compound's safety profile and potential for off-target effects. These assays involve treating cells with varying concentrations of dexivacaine and measuring cell viability using standard assays such as MTT or LDH release. Additionally, the compound's effects on neuronal excitability can be assessed using multielectrode array (MEA) systems.

In vivo animal studies for dexivacaine are conducted to evaluate its local anesthetic efficacy and duration of action. In typical studies, animals (such as rats or guinea pigs) are administered dexivacaine via local injection, and the onset, intensity, and duration of anesthesia are assessed using standard tests such as the tail-flick test, the paw withdrawal test, or the corneal reflex test. The compound's vasoconstrictive activity can also be assessed. These studies provide data on the compound's potency, efficacy, and duration of action, and allow for comparison with other local anesthetics and enantiomers.

Dexivacaine has a molecular weight of 246.35 and a chemical formula of C₁₅H₂₂N₂O. As an amide-type local anesthetic, it is typically administered by local injection. The compound is well-distributed in the tissue at the injection site and is metabolized in the liver by hepatic amidases. Its half-life is approximately 1-2 hours. The compound's vasoconstrictive activity helps to prolong its local effect by reducing blood flow at the injection site and slowing systemic absorption. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters for dexivacaine are similar to those of other amide-type local anesthetics.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Medication Use During Lactation
There is currently no information regarding the use of mepivacaine during lactation. Given the low levels of other local anesthetics in breast milk, a single dose of mepivacaine during lactation is unlikely to have adverse effects on breastfed infants. However, other medications may be preferred, especially when breastfeeding newborns or preterm infants.
Mepivacaine administered to mothers as a local anesthetic during labor has been reported to affect initial breastfeeding behavior in some infants, but not weight gain in the first 5 days postpartum. Although research on mepivacaine is limited, it appears that with good breastfeeding support, epidural local anesthetics, whether or not combined with fentanyl or its derivatives, have little or no adverse effects on breastfeeding success. Labor analgesia may delay the onset of lactation. More research is needed to clarify the impact of mepivacaine use during labor on breastfeeding outcomes.
◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
A study compared the effects of epidural analgesia using mepivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine during normal labor. The results showed no difference in weight change among the three groups of breastfed infants in the first five days postpartum. Overall weight gain was within the normal range in all groups.
Of the six infants who received mepivacaine pudendal nerve block within one hour before delivery, four started breastfeeding later and had fewer initial milk volumes than 10 infants who did not receive anesthesia during delivery. The long-term consequences of these differences have not been reported.
A national survey of women and their infants from late pregnancy to 12 months postpartum compared the time to lactroogenesis II in mothers who received and did not receive analgesia during labor. Drug categories included: spinal or epidural anesthesia alone, spinal or epidural anesthesia combined with other drugs, and other analgesics alone. Women who received any type of labor analgesia were approximately twice as likely to experience a delay in the second stage of lactation (>72 hours) compared to women who did not receive labor analgesia.

---

Dexivacaine has a safety profile similar to that of other amide-type local anesthetics. Common side effects include local reactions such as pain, swelling, and redness at the injection site. Systemic side effects, which are rare, can include dizziness, headache, tinnitus, and, at high doses, seizures and cardiovascular depression. The compound should be used with caution in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics, liver disease, or cardiovascular disease. Dexivacaine is a research-grade compound and is not intended for human use.

Dexivacaine (CAS# 24358-84-7), also known as (+)-Mepivacaine, is the dextrorotatory enantiomer of the amide-type local anesthetic mepivacaine. It binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and inhibits sodium influx, leading to temporary loss of sensation. The compound exhibits analgesic and vasoconstrictive activity. It has a molecular weight of 246.35. Dexivacaine is a research-grade compound used to study stereoselective aspects of local anesthetic action. It has not received FDA approval for any indication.

C15H22N2O

246.35

246.173

24358-84-7

Mepivacaine;96-88-8;Mepivacaine hydrochloride;1722-62-9

3032799

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.077g/cm3

383.1ºC at 760mmHg

185.5ºC

4.52E-06mmHg at 25°C

1.567

3.313

1

2

2

18

282

1

CN1CCCC[C@H]1C(NC1C(C)=CC=CC=1C)=O

INWLQCZOYSRPNW-ZDUSSCGKSA-N

InChI=1S/C15H22N2O/c1-11-7-6-8-12(2)14(11)16-15(18)13-9-4-5-10-17(13)3/h6-8,13H,4-5,9-10H2,1-3H3,(H,16,18)/t13-/m0/s1

(2S)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide

L(+)-Mepivacaine; Dexivacaina; DEXIVACAINE; 24358-84-7; (+)-Mepivacaine; (S)-Mepivacaine; Dexivacaina; Dexivacaine

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~405.93 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.15 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

---

Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.15 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

---

View More

Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.15 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)