| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
D-Glutamic acid targets the NMDA receptor, acting as an agonist. It also serves as a key component in bacterial cell wall synthesis, where it is incorporated into the peptidoglycan structure. The enzyme MurD ligase is a specific target that catalyzes its addition to the peptidoglycan precursor. Its role in bacterial physiology makes it a target for antibiotic development, although D-glutamic acid itself is not an antibiotic.
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| ln Vitro |
Various d-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) and D-glutamic acid (D-Glu), are commonly prevalent in animals including humans and are currently considered unique Physiologically active compounds and/or biomarkers [1]. D-[Asp/Glu] (4 mg/mL) suppresses the binding of IgE to peanut (75%), but D-Glu and D-Asp show no inhibitory effect. IgE is specific for D-[Asp/Glu] and may have the potential to eliminate IgE or diminish IgE binding to peanut allergen [2].
In vitro, D-Glutamic acid acts as a superior alternative to alpha-ketoglutarate in certain growth media and helps in the growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus. It can inhibit the IgE binding to peanut allergens. As an NMDA receptor agonist, it is used in research to study glutamatergic signaling. Its primary role is as a research tool and a bacterial cell wall component. |
| ln Vivo |
At the moment, D-glutamate is being studied as a regulator of hormone secretion and neuronal transmission. D-aspartate oxidase is the only enzyme that metabolizes it in mammals [1]. Following intraperitoneal administration, D-glutamate is transformed into n-pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, while L-glutamate is catabolized by α-ketoglutarate. In the cecum, the methyl carbon of acetate is created from the carbon 2 of D- and L-glutamic acid. The transformation of D-glutamic acid into n-pyrrolidone carboxylic acid is catalyzed by the kidney and liver of rats [3].
In vivo, D-Glutamic acid is not a common mammalian metabolite but is a crucial component of the bacterial cell wall. It is incorporated into the peptidoglycan layer of many bacteria, contributing to its structural integrity. Its ability to inhibit IgE binding to peanut allergens suggests a potential for modulating allergic responses, but this is primarily studied in vitro. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell enzyme assays for D-Glutamic acid typically involve measuring the activity of the enzyme MurD ligase. This enzyme catalyzes the addition of D-glutamic acid to the peptidoglycan precursor UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala. In these assays, D-glutamic acid is a substrate, and its incorporation into the product is measured. This is used to study the kinetics of MurD and to screen for potential inhibitors.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for D-Glutamic acid are used to study its effects on bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cultures are treated with the compound, and its effects on growth and cell wall integrity are assessed. It can also be used in studies of allergic responses, where its ability to inhibit IgE binding to peanut allergens is evaluated in cell-based models.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for D-Glutamic acid are not common, as it is not a major mammalian metabolite. However, it could be used in animal models of bacterial infection to study the role of D-glutamic acid in bacterial pathogenesis or to evaluate its potential as an anti-allergy agent.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
D-Glutamic acid has a molecular weight of 147.13 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₅H₉NO₄. It is an amino acid that is soluble in water. As a small, polar molecule, it is expected to be well-absorbed if ingested, but it is not a typical component of human physiology. Detailed pharmacokinetic data are not widely published.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
D-Glutamic acid is considered to have low toxicity in mammals, as it is not a natural component of mammalian proteins. However, its effects on bacterial growth could have implications for the microbiome. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
D-Glutamic acid is an optically active glutamate with a D-configuration. It is a metabolite of Escherichia coli and mice. It is a D-α-amino acid belonging to the glutamate family. It is the conjugate acid of D-glutamate (1-). It is the enantiomer of L-glutamate. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. D-Glutamic acid is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). D-Glutamic acid has also been reported in peas, with relevant data. It is a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid, existing in the L-configuration. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. See also: Glutamic acid (note moved to); Glutamic acid hydrochloride (note moved to).
D-Glutamic acid is the unnatural (R)-enantiomer of glutamic acid, a component of bacterial peptidoglycan and an NMDA receptor agonist. It is used in research to study bacterial cell wall synthesis and glutamatergic signaling. It can also inhibit IgE binding to peanut allergens. It is not approved for clinical use and is intended for research purposes only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H9NO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
147.1293
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| Exact Mass |
147.053
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| CAS # |
6893-26-1
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| Related CAS # |
D-Glutamic acid-d5;14341-88-9
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| PubChem CID |
23327
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
333.8±32.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
200-202ºC
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| Flash Point |
155.7±25.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.522
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| LogP |
-1.43
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
10
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| Complexity |
145
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C(CC(=O)O)[C@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-GSVOUGTGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-aminopentanedioic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~13 mg/mL (~88.36 mM)
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 10 mg/mL (67.97 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.7967 mL | 33.9836 mL | 67.9671 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3593 mL | 6.7967 mL | 13.5934 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6797 mL | 3.3984 mL | 6.7967 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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