Cetylpyridinium chloride selectively interacts with the core protein, also known as HBcAg, which is a dimeric viral nucleocapsid protein. Compared to other HBV inhibitors, cetylpyridinium chloride dramatically reduced the quantity of HBV particles in the HepG2.2.15 cell line. Reduced HBV biogenesis and capsid assembly are the outcomes of cetylpyridinium chloride's inhibition [1]. A safe antibacterial drug with broad-spectrum activity, cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits the production of biofilms and gingivitis [2].

In a mouse hydrodynamic model system, treatment with cetylpyridinium chloride (30 μg/kg; intramuscular injection; daily; for 3 consecutive days; male C57BL/6 mice) inhibits HBV replication [1].

Animal/Disease Models: Male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old) were injected with plasmid [1]
Doses: 272 μg/kg/day
Route of Administration: intramuscularinjection; daily; for 3 days
Experimental Results: Serum HBV DNA levels were suppressed, Compared with the control, the decrease was 60% on day 2 and 45% on day 3.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
ORAL RETENTION OF CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE GIVEN AS 1 MIN MOUTH RINSE OF 10 ML OF 2.2 MMOL SOLN WAS 65% OF ADMIN DOSE.

Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) = 90 mg/m3/4h

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Interactions
AVOID ALCOHOL, WHICH HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INCREASE THE ORAL TOXICITY OF ... CETYL PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE ... .
CURARE ANTAGONISTS SUCH AS NEOSTIGMINE AND EDROPHONIUM (TENSILON) ... MAY ENHANCE THE PARALYSIS ... . /BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE/
... ANTAGONIZED BY ANIONIC SURFACTANTS, INCL SOAPS ... .
ETHANOL ACTIVATED UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY (P-NITROPHENOL SUBSTRATE) IN RAT LIVER IN VITRO, BUT INHIBITED ACTIVITY @ HIGHER ETHANOL CONCN. ACTIVATION NOT SEEN IN MICROSOMES PRETREATED IN VITRO WITH CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE.

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 200 mg/kg
LD50 Rat ip 6 mg/kg
LD50 Rat sc 250 mg/kg
LD50 Rat iv 30 mg/kg
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Cetylpyridinium chloride interaction with the hepatitis B virus core protein inhibits capsid assembly. Virus Res. 2019 Apr 2;263:102-111.

[2]. Cetylpyridinium chloride at sublethal levels increases the susceptibility of rat thymic lymphocytes to oxidative stress. Chemosphere. 2017 Mar;170:118-123.

Cetylpyridinium chloride is a pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat. It has a role as an antiseptic drug and a surfactant. It is a chloride salt and an organic chloride salt. It contains a cetylpyridinium.
Cetylpyridinium Chloride is the chloride salt form of cetylpyridinium, a quaternary ammonium with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Upon topical administration, cetylpyridinium chloride is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surfaces, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. This causes leakage of intracellular components leading to microbial cell death.
See also: Cetylpyridinium (has active moiety); Cetylpyridinium chloride; domiphen bromide (component of); Benzalkonium chloride; cetylpyridinium chloride (component of) ... View More ...

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Mechanism of Action
MODE OF ACTION ... NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD BUT HAS BEEN ASCRIBED TO ... THE DENATURING OF LIPOPROTEIN COMPLEXES, & POSSIBLY OTHER ACTIONS. /QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPD/
EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PRESENTED THAT THE MAJOR SITE OF ACTION ... MAY BE THE CELL MEMBRANE, WHERE THE AGENTS MAY CAUSE CHANGES IN PERMEABILITY THAT PERMIT ESCAPE OF ENZYMES, COENZYMES, & METABOLIC INTERMEDIATES. /CATIONIC SURFACTANTS/
EMULSIFY SEBACEOUS MATERIAL, WHICH IS THEN REMOVED TOGETHER WITH DIRT & BACTERIA. THE MILD DESQUAMATING EFFECT OF THE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS AIDS IN CLEANING. /QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPD/

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Therapeutic Uses
Anti-infective Agents, Local
A LOCAL ANTI-INFECTIVE WHICH POSSESSES SURFACE-ACTIVE AS WELL AS ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES AGAINST SENSITIVE NONSPORULATING BACTERIA ... USED FOR PREOPERATIVE PREPN OF SKIN FOR PROPHYLACTIC ANTISEPSIS OF MINOR WOUNDS & ... IRRIGATION OF OR TOPICAL APPLICATION TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES. ... ALSO INCORPORATED INTO MOUTHWASHES.
A CATIONIC SURFACE-AGENT ... BACTERICIDAL OR BACTERIOSTATIC AGAINST MANY GRAM-POSITIVE & GRAM-NEG ORGANISMS. ... ALSO ACTIVE AGAINST SOME FUNGI, INCL CANDIDA ALBICANS, & AGAINST TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS, BUT IS NOT AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-INFECTIVE ... FOR SPORES OR MOST VIRUSES.
DOSAGE: TOPICAL, AS A 1:100 TO 1:1000 SOLN TO INTACT SKIN; 1:1000 FOR MINOR LACERATIONS; 1:2000 TO 1:10,000 TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES; 0.33 TO 3 MG IN LOZENGES OR TROCHES; FOR INSERTION INTO RECTUM, 0.05%. DOSAGE FORMS- LOZENGES NF: 1.5 MG IN 1:1500 CONCN; SOLN NF: 1:1000.
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM ANTISEPTICS ... APPLIED TO SKIN ... FORM FILM UNDER WHICH BACTERIA MAY REMAIN VIABLE EVEN THOUGH OUTER SURFACE OF FILM IS BACTERICIDAL. SINCE CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE IS INACTIVATED BY SOAPS, SOAP USED IN PRE-OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SKIN MUST BE THOROUGHLY REMOVED ... BEFORE APPLICATION OF ANTISEPTIC.
GRAM NEGATIVE ORGANISMS, INCL STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, ARE MORE RESISTANT /THAN GRAM POS/ & REQUIRE LONGER EXPOSURE /TO QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CMPD/. /QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CMPD/
ABSORBED AND INACTIVATED BY COTTON FABRICS, CELLULOSE SPONGES, CERTAIN PLASTICS (PARTICULARLY POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) OR OTHER POROUS MATERIALS. FOR THIS REASON, THESE AGENTS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR COLD STERILIZATION OF CATHETERS, FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPES OR OTHER INSTRUMENTS. /QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CMPD/
CAN CAUSE OCCASIONAL ALLERGIC RESPONSES WITH CHRONIC USE, AS WITH CERTAIN DEODORANT PREPN & DIAPER WASHES. /CATIONIC SURFACTANTS/
/DUE TO ADSORPTION TENDENCY/ ... REPEATED USE OF SAME SOLN FOR DISINFECTION OF POROUS MATERIALS CAN REDUCE THE CONCN OF THE AGENT BELOW THE BACTERICIDAL LIMIT. /CATIONIC SURFACTANTS/

C21H38CLN

339.99

339.269

123-03-5

Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate;6004-24-6

31239

White to off-white solid powder

77°C

3.459

0

1

15

23

208

0

[Cl-].[N+]1(C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H]

YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChI=1S/C21H38N.ClH/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-22-20-17-15-18-21-22;/h15,17-18,20-21H,2-14,16,19H2,1H3;1H/q+1;/p-1

1-hexadecylpyridin-1-ium;chloride

Cetylpyridinium chloride NSC-14864 NSC14864NSC 14864

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Ethanol : ~100 mg/mL (~294.13 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~294.13 mM)
H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~147.06 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 5: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 6: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.35 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 7: 100 mg/mL (294.13 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)