Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absorbed adipic acid is primarily excreted unchanged in urine or as carbon dioxide via respiration. In the human body, only a portion of ingested adipic acid is metabolized; the remainder is excreted unchanged in urine. Metabolism/Metabolites Metabolites detected in the urine of fasted experimental rats fed radiolabeled adipic acid included urea, glutamate, lactic acid, β-ketoadipic acid, and citric acid. The presence of β-ketoadipic acid indicates that adipic acid is metabolized similarly to fatty acids, primarily via the β-oxidation pathway. This is further confirmed by the detection of succinic acid in the urine of rats fed radiolabeled 14C-adipic acid and injected with malonic acid. The detection of radioactive acetyl-γ-phenyl-α-aminobutyric acid after feeding γ-phenyl-α-aminobutyric acid and 14C-labeled adipic acid strongly suggests that acetic acid is a metabolite of adipic acid. Radioactive glycogen was isolated after feeding glucose and radioactive adipic acid. Adipic acid was metabolized via β-oxidation to succinic acid and acetic acid, which were then further metabolized into other normal intermediate metabolites.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid. Its main market uses include as a raw material for nylon 6,6 resins and fibers, polyester polyols, and plasticizers. In 2011, nylon 6,6 fibers and engineering resins accounted for approximately 85% of total adipic acid consumption. In 2010, polyester polyols and plasticizers combined accounted for 24-32% of global adipic acid consumption. Other documented uses of adipic acid include: as a lubricant additive in coatings and foams, in shoe sole materials, as a tanning agent in the leather industry, as a pH adjuster in detergent production processes, as a granulator in drinking water disinfectant tablets, as a flue gas vulcanizing additive, as a coating agent in dishwasher detergent tablets, and as a chemical additive. Adipic acid has also been shown to be used as a gelling agent in hydraulic fracturing. Human Exposure and Toxicity: According to the Chemical Asthma Hazard Assessment Procedure, adipic acid has an asthma hazard index of 0.75. Substances with an index >0.5 are highly likely to be asthmatic substances. Adipic acid has an eye irritation threshold of 20 mg/m³. Animal studies: Acute exposure to adipic acid has low toxicity, but it can cause moderate to severe eye irritation in rabbits (20 mg/24 hours). High concentrations of adipic acid can lead to persistent changes in lung structure and function. In mice and rabbits, lethal doses resulted in reduced activity, gastrointestinal distension, and intestinal irritation and bleeding. A group of mice were administered a powder mixture containing urea, adipic acid, and carboxymethyl cellulose vaginally three times a week. Long-term treatment resulted in a higher incidence of vaginal cancer. In a one-year study, no tumors were observed when any of the three components were administered. Adipic acid is not mutagenic to Salmonella Typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, or to Escherichia coli (WP2(uvrA)) (whether or not activated by rat microsomes). Ecotoxicity studies: Adipic acid showed mild to moderate toxicity to fish, water fleas, and algae in acute toxicity tests.

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Interactions
A group of mice were administered a powder mixture containing urea, adipic acid, and carboxymethyl cellulose vaginally three times a week. A high incidence of vaginal cancer was observed after long-term treatment. No tumors were observed when any of the three components were administered individually over a one-year period.

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Non-human Toxicity Values
Rats: Inhalation: No effect level: 126 g/L, 15 x 6 hours (source)
Mouse intravenous LD50 680 mg/kg /from table/
Mouse oral LD50 1900 mg/kg /from table/
Mouse intraperitoneal LD50 275 mg/kg /from table/
For more complete non-human toxicity data for adipic acid (out of 8), please visit the HSDB records page.

[1]. G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center. METAGENE consortium.

Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid, insoluble in water. Its main hazard lies in its environmental threat. Immediate measures should be taken to limit its environmental release. Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of plastics and foam materials, among other applications.
Adipic acid is an α,ω-dicarboxylic acid, a 1,4-dicarboxyl derivative of butane. It can be used as an acidity regulator in food and as an exogenous metabolite in humans. It is an α,ω-dicarboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid fatty acid, the conjugate acid of adipic acid (1-).
Adipic acid has been reported in Drosophila melanogaster, Aspen, and other organisms with relevant data.
See also: Polyester-10 (monomer); Polyester-7 (monomer); Adipic acid/diethylene glycol crosspolymer (20000 MPa·s) (monomer)... See more...

C6H10O4

146.14

146.057

124-04-9

Adipic acid-d10;25373-21-1;Adipic acid-13C6;942037-55-0;Adipic acid-d4;121311-78-2;Adipic acid-13C;2708283-72-9;Adipic acid-d8;52089-65-3;Adipic acid-d4-1;19031-55-1

196

White to off-white solid powder

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

338.5±15.0 °C at 760 mmHg

151-154 °C(lit.)

196 ºC

0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C

1.476

0.08

2

4

5

10

114

0

WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H10O4/c7-5(8)3-1-2-4-6(9)10/h1-4H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)

hexanedioic acid

Adipic acid NSC7622 NSC 7622 NSC-7622

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~684.28 mM)
H2O : ~2.86 mg/mL (~19.57 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 25 mg/mL (171.07 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C).

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)