Human Endogenous Metabolite; Microbial Metabolite

- Induced chronic kidney disease in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing 0.2% adenine for 4 weeks, resulting in significant increases in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and phosphorus levels, as well as a decrease in hemoglobin levels. It also caused dento - alveolar bone loss, increased osteoclast number and activity, and reduced osteoblast activity, with down - regulated expression of osteoblast - related genes (Runx2, Osterix, and Col1a1) and up - regulated expression of osteoclast - related genes (Acp5, Ctsk, and Trap) [5]

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- Induced chronic kidney disease in rats, leading to hypertension. Male Sprague - Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 0.75% adenine for 4 weeks to establish a chronic kidney disease model. After that, the rats showed increased blood pressure, and treatment with sodium thiosulfate could improve hypertension in these rats [6]

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Animal models with elevated uric acid can be created by using adenine.

- Animal Protocol：
- For the mouse model of chronic kidney disease, male C57BL/6 mice were used, and they were fed a diet containing 0.2% adenine for 4 weeks [5]
- For the rat model of chronic kidney disease, male Sprague - Dawley rats were used, and they were fed a diet containing 0.75% adenine for 4 weeks [6]

It can cause kidney damage. In mouse and rat models, feeding a diet containing adenine leads to elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, indicating impaired kidney function [5]. It can cause changes in the blood system. In mouse models, feeding a diet containing adenine leads to decreased hemoglobin levels, suggesting its effects on the blood system [5]. Toxicity Summary
Adenine combines with ribose to form nucleoside adenosine, combines with deoxyribose to form deoxyadenosine, and the three phosphate groups combine with adenosine to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is one of the fundamental ways of chemical energy transfer in cell metabolism. In early literature, adenine was sometimes referred to as vitamin B4.

[1]. Synthesis of purines under possible primitive earth conditions. I. Adenine from hydrogen cyanide. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1961 Aug;94:217-27.

[2]. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Structure of DNA.

[3]. Reader V. The assay of vitamin B(4). Biochem J. 1930;24(6):1827-31.

[4]. Pharmacokinetics of Adenosine and Cordycepin, a Bioactive Constituent of Cordyceps sinensis in Rat. J Agric Food Chem 2010 Apr 28;58(8):4638-43.

[5]. Dentoalveolar Alterations in an Adenine‐Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Mouse Model. J Bone Miner Res. 2023 Aug;38(8):1192-1207.

[6]. Sodium Thiosulfate Improves Hypertension in Rats with Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Jan 11;11(1):147.

Adenine is a purine base and an important component of nucleic acids and coenzymes. Under possibly primitive Earth conditions, it can be synthesized from hydrogen cyanide. Adenine is generated by dissolving hydrogen cyanide in ammonia water and heating at a moderate temperature. After centrifugation to remove the insoluble black hydrogen cyanide polymer, the product can be separated by chromatography [1]. Adenine is the parent compound of 6-aminopurine and is composed of purines with an amino group at the C-6 position. It is found in humans, fleas, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and mice and is an important metabolite. Adenine is a purine nucleobase and belongs to the 6-aminopurine class of compounds. It is derived from the hydride of 9H-purine.
Purine base, the basic unit of adenine nucleotide.
Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain).
Adenine has been reported in Streptomyces piomogenus, Bridelia balansae, and other organisms with relevant data.
Adenine is a purine nucleobase with an amino group attached to its 6th carbon atom. Adenine is a precursor to adenosine and deoxyadenosine nucleotides.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is present in DNA and RNA. Adenine is a basic building block of adenine nucleotides. Adenine combines with ribose to form the nucleoside adenosine, and with deoxyribose to form deoxyadenosine. Adenosine combines with three phosphate groups to form the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is one of the basic ways of transferring chemical energy in cellular metabolism. Innate purine metabolic disorders (IEM) are a group of serious genetic diseases. Symptoms such as neonatal seizures, growth retardation, recurrent infections, neurological defects, kidney disease, and self-harm should all raise suspicion of this disease. The test usually begins with a measurement of uric acid (UA) in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300) (A3372, A3373). Adenine is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a purine base and the basic unit of adenine nucleotides. See also: adenine; glucose, unspecified form (component)... See more...

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Drug Indications
For nutritional supplementation, and also for the treatment of dietary deficiencies or imbalances.

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Mechanism of Action
Adenine combines with ribose to form the nucleoside adenosine, combines with deoxyribose to form deoxyadenosine, and generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP drives many cellular metabolic processes by transferring chemical energy between reactions. Pharmacodynamics Adenine (sometimes called vitamin B4) binds to ribose to form adenosine, which can then bind to one to three phosphate groups to generate AMP, ADP, and ATP. These adenine derivatives play important roles in cellular metabolism. Adenine is one of the four nitrogenous bases used in nucleic acid synthesis. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a modified form of adenosine monophosphate, is an important second messenger in the transmission of many hormone stimuli. Adenine is an important component of many coenzyme structures. Adenosine (adenine bound to a ribose group) can cause transient atrioventricular block in the heart. In patients suspected of having supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), adenosine can be used to help identify the heart rhythm. Some types of supraventricular tachycardia can be successfully terminated with adenosine.

C5H5N5

135.13

135.054

C, 44.44; H, 3.73; N, 51.83

73-24-5

2922-28-3; 321-30-2; 73-24-5

190

White to off-white solid powder

1.9±0.1 g/cm3

243.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

360-365ºC

100.9±30.1 °C

0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.954

-2.12

2

4

0

10

127

0

N1([H])C([H])=NC2C1=C(N([H])[H])N=C([H])N=2

GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C5H5N5/c6-4-3-5(9-1-7-3)10-2-8-4/h1-2H,(H3,6,7,8,9,10)

7H-purin-6-amine;sulfuric acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 1 mg/mL (7.40 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)