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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Penconazole targets fungal sterol biosynthesis, specifically inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), which is involved in ergosterol synthesis. Ergosterol is an essential component of fungal cell membranes. Inhibition of its synthesis disrupts membrane integrity and function, leading to fungal cell death.
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| ln Vitro |
Penconazole demonstrates in vitro antifungal activity against a wide range of fungal pathogens. It is effective against powdery mildews, scab, and other diseases. The compound's systemic nature allows it to be absorbed and distributed within plants, providing protective and curative activity.
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| ln Vivo |
In rat cerebrum and cerebellum tissues, penconazole (67 mg/kg; ip; every 2 days for 9 days) causes oxidative stress[2]. Penconazole has been shown to cause oxidative damage in the adult rat brain through changes in the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant status, as well as an increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Penconazole also has an impact on brain histoarchitecture, membrane-bound ATPase activity, and the cholinergic system. Penconazole is a pesticide with the potential to be neurotoxic; it works by causing oxidative stress. In adult rats, penconazole significantly reduces AChE activity in the cerebellum (25%) and brain (11%), respectively[2].
In vivo activity of penconazole has been demonstrated in agricultural applications, where it effectively controls fungal diseases in various crops. It is used as a foliar spray and provides systemic protection against fungal pathogens. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for penconazole involve measuring its inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) activity. The assay typically uses fungal microsomes or recombinant enzyme and measures the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol precursors in the presence of the compound.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for penconazole involve culturing fungal cells (e.g., powdery mildew, scab fungi) in the presence of varying concentrations of the compound. Antifungal activity is assessed by measuring inhibition of growth using optical density measurements or colony counting.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Twelve male Wistar rats[2]
Doses: 67 mg/kg Route of Administration: Ip; every 2 days during 9 days Experimental Results: A significant increase was obtained in the absolute and relative weights of the cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. In vivo animal experiments for penconazole are not typically performed, as it is an agricultural fungicide rather than a therapeutic agent. Its efficacy is evaluated in plant models of fungal infection. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for penconazole are relevant to its use as an agricultural fungicide. The compound is absorbed by plants and distributed systemically. Its environmental fate, including degradation and persistence, is important for agricultural applications.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for penconazole indicate that it is harmful if swallowed. It should be handled with appropriate safety precautions. The compound is intended for agricultural use only and is not for human therapeutic application.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole is a triazole compound with a structure in which 1,2,4-triazole is substituted at position 1 with a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group. It is a dichlorobenzene and also a triazole compound. Topaz is a mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄F₂. Its symbol is Tpz (International Mineralogical Association (IMA)).
Penconazole (CAS#: 66246-88-6) has the molecular formula C13H15Cl2N3 and a molecular weight of 284.18 g/mol. Its IUPAC name is 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]-1,2,4-triazole. The compound is a triazole fungicide used in agriculture. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H15CL2N3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
284.18
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| Exact Mass |
283.064
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| CAS # |
66246-88-6
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| Related CAS # |
Penconazole-d7;1628110-84-8
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| PubChem CID |
91693
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
415.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
57.6-60.3ºC
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| Flash Point |
204.9±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.602
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| LogP |
3.66
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
252
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
WKBPZYKAUNRMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H15Cl2N3/c1-2-3-10(7-18-9-16-8-17-18)12-5-4-11(14)6-13(12)15/h4-6,8-10H,2-3,7H2,1H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]-1,2,4-triazole
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (351.89 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (8.80 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.5189 mL | 17.5945 mL | 35.1890 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7038 mL | 3.5189 mL | 7.0378 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3519 mL | 1.7594 mL | 3.5189 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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