| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
GSK-3β
Lithium chloride hydrate targets multiple cellular pathways. Its primary mechanism of action is inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). By inhibiting GSK3β, the compound promotes neurogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects. Lithium chloride hydrate also acts as a potent virus inhibitor and immunomodulatory agent. It has antidepressant activity through its effects on GSK3β and other signaling pathways. The compound's neuroprotective effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms including modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibition of apoptosis. Its immunomodulatory effects are related to its influence on immune cell function and cytokine production. |
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| ln Vitro |
In IBV Beaudette-infected BHK cells, lithium chloride hydrate (5 and 20 mM, 36 hours) reduces cytopathic effects and IBV replication [1]. IBV-induced apoptosis and inflammation in BHK cells are inhibited by lithium chloride hydrate (5 and 20 mM, 36 hours) [1]. The efficiency of neurospheres produced from induced pluripotent stem cells is increased by lithium chloride hydrate (1 mg/mL) [4]. PC12 cells are shielded against apoptosis caused by morphine (HY-P1701) by lithium chloride hydrate (1.2 mM, 72 hours) [5].
In vitro, lithium chloride hydrate has demonstrated multiple biological activities. In IBV Beaudette-infected BHK cells, lithium chloride hydrate (5 and 20 mM, 36 hours) reduces cytopathic effects and IBV replication. The compound inhibits GSK3β, promoting neurogenesis and neuroprotection. It acts as a virus inhibitor and immunomodulatory agent. Lithium chloride hydrate has been shown to reduce cognitive impairment in cellular models. Its effects on cell signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt have been characterized in various cell types. The compound's neuroprotective effects have been demonstrated in neuronal cell cultures. Its immunomodulatory effects have been shown in immune cell cultures. |
| ln Vivo |
Rats' sevoflurane (SEV)-induced memory impairment is ameliorated by lithium chloride hydrate (60 mg/kg, ip, twice daily) [2]. In rats undergoing extraction socket repair, lithium chloride hydrate (150 mg/kg, orally, every other day) promotes bone growth [6].
In vivo, lithium chloride hydrate has been studied for its mood-stabilizing, antiviral, and neuroprotective effects. As an orally active compound, it is used in animal models of depression, mania, and cognitive dysfunction. The compound alleviates cognition dysfunction and the symptoms of acute mania and depression. Its antiviral activity has been studied in animal models of viral infections. Lithium chloride hydrate is also used in research on Alzheimer's disease. Its neuroprotective effects have been demonstrated in various neurological disease models. The compound's safety and efficacy have been extensively studied due to its clinical use as a mood stabilizer. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro biochemical assays, lithium chloride hydrate is evaluated for its effects on GSK3β and other targets. GSK3β inhibition is assessed using kinase activity assays with appropriate substrates. Neurogenesis is assessed by measuring neuronal differentiation and proliferation markers. Antiviral activity is assessed by measuring viral replication in infected cells. Immunomodulatory effects are assessed by measuring cytokine production and immune cell function. Cell viability and proliferation are assessed using MTT or BrdU incorporation assays. Signaling pathway modulation is assessed by Western blotting for phosphorylated and total proteins. These cell-free and cell-based assays help characterize the compound's multiple biological activities.
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| Cell Assay |
RT-PCR[1]
Cell Types: BHK cells Tested Concentrations: 5 and 20 mM Incubation Duration: 36 h Experimental Results: Blocked the expression of NF-κB, NLRP3, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Blocked levels of Caspase-3, Bax and increased Bcl-2 level. In vitro cellular assays for lithium chloride hydrate are performed using various cell lines including BHK cells for antiviral studies, neuronal cells for neuroprotection studies, and immune cells for immunomodulation studies. Cells are cultured in standard media and treated with lithium chloride hydrate at various concentrations (typically 1-20 mM) for various durations. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or trypan blue exclusion assays. Viral replication is measured by plaque assays or qPCR. GSK3β activity is assessed by measuring phosphorylation of downstream targets. Neurogenesis is assessed by measuring neuronal markers using immunocytochemistry or Western blotting. Cytokine production is measured by ELISA. These cellular assays help validate the compound's antiviral, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Rats[5]
Doses: 150 mg/kg Route of Administration: Oral administration (po), every other day Experimental Results: Produced greater proportion of newly formed bone (NB). Lowered the rate of TRAP-stained cells. Animal/Disease Models: Sevoflurane-induced memory impairment rats[2] Doses: 60 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip)injection, twice a day. Experimental Results: diminished escape latency, increased time in the objective quadrant and raised platform crossings. Suppresses SEV-induced oxidative stress reduces and diminished SEV-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus. In vivo animal experiments with lithium chloride hydrate are conducted to study its effects on behavior, cognition, viral infections, and neurological diseases. Rodent models of depression, mania, and cognitive dysfunction are commonly used. Lithium chloride hydrate is administered orally or intraperitoneally at doses determined from clinical and preclinical studies. Behavioral tests including forced swim test, tail suspension test, and open field test are used to assess antidepressant and mood-stabilizing effects. Cognitive function is assessed using Morris water maze, novel object recognition, or other learning and memory tests. For antiviral studies, virus-infected animal models are used. For Alzheimer's disease research, transgenic mouse models are used. Tissue samples are analyzed for GSK3β activity, neurogenesis markers, and viral load. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of lithium chloride hydrate have been extensively characterized due to its clinical use as a mood stabilizer. Lithium is well absorbed after oral administration and distributes throughout total body water. It is not metabolized and is excreted primarily by the kidneys. The compound has a narrow therapeutic window, and serum levels must be monitored carefully. Its half-life is approximately 20-24 hours. The hydrate form improves stability. Detailed PK parameters including Cmax, Tmax, AUC, volume of distribution, and clearance are well established in the pharmacological literature. The compound's pharmacokinetic properties support its use in both research and clinical settings.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of lithium chloride hydrate has been extensively characterized through its clinical use as a mood stabilizer. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic index, and toxicity can occur at serum levels only slightly above therapeutic levels. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, tremors, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight gain. More serious toxicity can affect the thyroid, kidneys, and nervous system. Lithium is contraindicated in patients with significant renal impairment, cardiovascular disease, or dehydration. It should be used with caution in pregnancy. Regular monitoring of serum lithium levels, renal function, and thyroid function is essential. The compound is for research use and clinical applications require appropriate medical supervision.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Lithium chloride hydrate is a valuable research tool for studying GSK3β signaling, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and mood disorders. Its well-established mechanism of action as a GSK3β inhibitor makes it useful for investigating the role of GSK3β in various biological processes. The compound is used to study the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, depression, and other psychiatric conditions. Its neuroprotective effects make it relevant for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disease research. Lithium chloride hydrate is also used as a positive control in GSK3β inhibition studies and as a reference compound in neuropharmacology research. Its antiviral and immunomodulatory activities provide additional research applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
LICL.XH2O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
42.39 (anhydrous basis)
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| Exact Mass |
59.995
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| CAS # |
85144-11-2
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| PubChem CID |
23681138
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.21 g/mL at 20 °C
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| Boiling Point |
1382 °C
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| Melting Point |
605 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
-4 °F
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| Index of Refraction |
n20/D 1.381
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
3
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| Complexity |
2
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Li+].O.[Cl-]
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| InChi Key |
VXJIMUZIBHBWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/ClH.Li.H2O/h1H;;1H2/q;+1;/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
lithium;chloride;hydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 50 mg/mL
H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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