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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Dextran sulfate sodium salt targets the complement and coagulation pathways as an inhibitor. It binds to HIV-1 gp120, preventing viral adsorption to host cells. It inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity and instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions (IBMIR). DSS also disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junctions, leading to increased intestinal permeability.
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| ln Vitro |
Complete protection of MT-4 cells against HIV-1-induced cytopathogenicity is provided by dextran sulfate (25 μg/mL) sodium salt[2].
In vitro, DSS (MW 5000) inhibits HIV-1 replication by preventing viral adsorption to host cells. It prevents NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibits IBMIR. The compound is used in cell culture media to prevent cell aggregation. DSS has also been shown to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and wound-healing properties. Its effects are dependent on molecular weight, with different MW exhibiting different biological activities. |
| ln Vivo |
Models of colitis can be created in animals by using dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW5000).
In vivo, DSS (MW 5000) is primarily used to induce colitis in animal models, particularly in mice. Oral administration of DSS in drinking water (typically 2-5% for 5-7 days) disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junctions, leading to increased permeability, inflammation, and ulceration. This model is widely used to study inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and evaluate potential therapeutic interventions. DSS also exhibits antiviral and anti-lipemic effects in vivo. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular enzyme/receptor binding assays, DSS is evaluated for its ability to inhibit complement activation and coagulation cascade enzymes. Complement inhibition is assessed using hemolytic assays (e.g., CH50 assay) where DSS is incubated with serum and complement activity is measured. Coagulation inhibition is evaluated using prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assays. Binding to viral proteins can be assessed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or ELISA-based binding assays.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays are performed using various cell lines including epithelial cells, immune cells, and HIV-susceptible cells. DSS is added to cell cultures at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/mL. Endpoints include cell viability, barrier integrity (TEER measurement), cytokine production, and viral replication inhibition. HIV-1 inhibition is assessed by measuring p24 antigen levels or viral RNA in culture supernatants. Cytotoxicity is evaluated using MTT or LDH release assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies primarily use mouse models of DSS-induced colitis. DSS is administered in drinking water at concentrations of 2-5% (w/v) for 5-7 days, followed by recovery periods of varying lengths. Disease severity is assessed by monitoring body weight loss, stool consistency, fecal occult blood, and colon length. Histological evaluation of colonic tissue is performed to assess inflammation, crypt damage, and ulceration. DSS is also administered orally or intravenously in antiviral and anti-lipemic studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Dextran sulfate sodium salt has an average molecular weight of approximately 5000 Da. It is a polymer of dehydrated glucose with a high degree of sulfation. Due to its polymeric nature, it is not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, which makes it suitable for local effects in the colon when administered orally. When administered systemically, it is expected to be cleared by the reticuloendothelial system. It is soluble in water and forms clear to slightly hazy solutions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological profiles of DSS indicate that oral administration causes gastrointestinal toxicity, including diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal inflammation, which are the basis for its use in colitis models. At high doses, DSS can cause systemic toxicity. It is considered an irritant and requires appropriate safety precautions during handling. In cell culture, DSS at high concentrations can be cytotoxic. The compound is for research use only and is not for therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
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| References |
[1]. Regmi S, et, al. Enhanced viability and function of mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids is mediated via autophagy induction. Autophagy. 2021 Oct;17(10):2991-3010.
[2]. Baba M, et al. Mechanism of inhibitory effect of dextran sulfate and heparin on replication of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):6132-6. [3]. Araki Y, et, al. Dextran sulfate sodium administered orally is depolymerized in the stomach and induces cell cycle arrest plus apoptosis in the colon in early mouse colitis. Oncol Rep. 2012 Nov;28(5):1597-605. |
| Additional Infomation |
In addition to its use as a colitis inducer, DSS is used as an anticoagulant, antiviral agent, and anti-lipemic agent in research. It has been investigated for its potential to prevent HIV-1 infection by blocking viral adsorption. DSS is also used as an additive in cell culture media to prevent cell aggregation and in cosmetics as a gel-forming agent. Different molecular weight variants of DSS (e.g., MW 450000-550000) exhibit different biological activities and are used for different research applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C9H11NO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
165.189142465591
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| Exact Mass |
165.078
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| CAS # |
9011-18-1
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| Related CAS # |
Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW5000);9011-18-1;Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500);9011-18-1;Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 16000-24000);9011-18-1;Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 35000-45000);9011-18-1
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
1.9
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| SMILES |
O(CC)C(C1C=CC(=CC=1)N)=O
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| InChi Key |
BLFLLBZGZJTVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H11NO2/c1-2-12-9(11)7-3-5-8(10)6-4-7/h3-6H,2,10H2,1H3
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| Chemical Name |
ethyl 4-aminobenzoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : 100 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 33.33 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.0536 mL | 30.2682 mL | 60.5364 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2107 mL | 6.0536 mL | 12.1073 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6054 mL | 3.0268 mL | 6.0536 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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