Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Anabasin is readily absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. Metabolism/Metabolites In vitro, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs metabolize (-)-methylanabasin to (-)-anabasin, which is then metabolized into 1'-N-hydroxyanabasin and anabasin 1'-δ-nitroketone. The metabolites of the enhanced lung microsomal components are similar. Phospoxanase (PON1) is a key enzyme in organophosphate metabolism. PON1 can inactivate certain organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 can hydrolyze the active metabolites of various organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents (such as soman, sarin, and VX). The presence of PON1 polymorphism leads to differences in the enzyme activity level and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, suggesting that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of organophosphate toxins.

Toxicity Summary
Anabasine is a cholinesterase, or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Cholinesterase inhibitors (or "anticholinesterases") inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Because acetylcholinesterase has important physiological functions, chemicals that interfere with its activity are potent neurotoxins; even low doses can cause excessive salivation and lacrimation, followed by muscle spasms, ultimately leading to death. Substances used in nerve gases and many pesticides have been shown to work by binding to serine residues at the active site of acetylcholinesterase, thus completely inhibiting the enzyme's activity. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle or organ relaxation. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase results in the accumulation and sustained action of acetylcholine, leading to the continuous transmission of nerve impulses and the inability to stop muscle contractions. The most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-containing compounds designed to bind to the enzyme's active site. Its structural requirements are: a phosphorus atom with two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (e.g., a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen atom.

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Interactions
Anabassine enhances the sedative effects of risperidone, apomorphine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan in frogs and inhibits the uptake of serotonin by human platelets.

Anabasine is a pyridine alkaloid with a pyridine ring substituted at the 3-position with a piperidine-2-yl group. It is a plant metabolite, teratogen, and nicotine acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is a piperidine and pyridine alkaloid. Anabasine has been reported in leafless tobacco (Anabasis aphylla), common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and other tobacco species with available data. Anabasine is a nicotine analog found in tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), with a pyridine ring substituted at the 3-position with a piperidine-2-yl group. Anabasine was once used as an industrial insecticide. Due to the presence of trace amounts of anabaine in tobacco smoke, the detection of anabaine in urine can serve as an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. Anabasine is a nicotine receptor agonist toxin and cholinesterase inhibitor that acts on nicotine acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid, susceptible to the effects of light, heat, and moisture. Its decomposition products include nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, and carbon dioxide. Anabasin is a pyridine alkaloid found in the stems of tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), a close relative of common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Anabasin is a metabolite of nicotine and can be used as an indicator of human exposure to tobacco smoke. It is also a piperidine-based plant-based insecticide. See also: Anabasin (note moved to). Mechanism of Action…Anabassin acts on ganglia of the insect central nervous system, promoting transsynaptic conduction at low concentrations and blocking conduction at high concentrations. Anabasin has a neuromuscular blocking effect on isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm, an effect partially antagonized by neostigmine. It is a depolarizing muscle relaxant with some characteristics of competitive muscle relaxants.

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Therapeutic Use
Experimental Use: Anabasin (2 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection, for 10 days) inhibited the inhibitory effect of co-administered hydrocortisone on the adrenocortical-pituitary system in rats. It also inhibited aseptic inflammation in rats (subplantar formalin injection); this anti-inflammatory activity appears to be due to activation of the adrenocortical-hypothalamic-pituitary system. Activation of the hormonal function of the adrenocortical-pituitary system may be beneficial in patients with inflammation receiving glucocorticoid therapy.

C10H14N2

162.23156

162.115

13078-04-1

2181

Light yellow to orange liquid

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

271.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

9ºC

93.3±0.0 °C

0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.524

0.85

1

2

1

12

136

0

N1CCCCC1C1C=NC=CC=1

MTXSIJUGVMTTMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H14N2/c1-2-7-12-10(5-1)9-4-3-6-11-8-9/h3-4,6,8,10,12H,1-2,5,7H2

3-piperidin-2-ylpyridine

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~130 mg/mL (~801.33 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (13.38 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (13.38 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (13.38 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)