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| Targets |
UTP targets purinergic receptors, particularly P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides. UTP is a natural agonist at these receptors, and its binding activates downstream signaling pathways involving phospholipase C, intracellular calcium mobilization, and protein kinase C. In airway epithelia, UTP increases ciliary beat frequency and induces mucin secretion from goblet cells, which are important for mucociliary clearance. In the pancreas, UTP regulates exocrine and endocrine secretion, as well as cell proliferation and ion transport.
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| ln Vitro |
Through the stimulation of P2Y2 receptors and enhanced activation and production of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) [1], uridine triphosphate treatment causes migration of schwannoma cells. Protein kinase D, Src family tyrosine kinases, Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and phospholipase D are the mechanisms that promote uridine triphosphate-induced proliferation. Through protein kinases, Src family tyrosine kinases, Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and PI3K, uridine triphosphate enhances the phosphorylation of Akt C [2].
In vitro, UTP functions as a natural agonist at P2Y2 and P2Y4 purinergic receptors. It stimulates calcium mobilization in cells expressing these receptors and activates downstream signaling pathways. UTP has been shown to increase ciliary beat frequency in airway epithelial cells and induce degranulation of goblet cells, leading to mucin secretion. These effects are important for maintaining airway surface hydration and mucociliary clearance. UTP is also used as a substrate in biochemical assays for nucleotide metabolism. |
| ln Vivo |
Following hypoxia, uridine triphosphate lowers the amount of calcium in the mitochondria. Urea triphosphate preconditioning, whether done early or late, can successfully shrink infarct size and enhance myocardial function [3]. In regional lymph nodes, uridine triphosphate treatment upregulates the expression of the IL-4 and IL-13 genes and increases the number of monocytes and macrophages in the infiltrating pocket [4].
In vivo, UTP has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where impaired mucociliary clearance is a hallmark. By activating P2Y2 receptors on airway epithelia, UTP stimulates chloride secretion, increases ciliary beat frequency, and promotes mucin release, thereby enhancing airway clearance. However, UTP is rapidly degraded by ecto-nucleotidases in vivo, limiting its therapeutic utility. Stable analogs of UTP, such as denufosol, have been developed to overcome this limitation. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cellular) assays for UTP are typically radioligand binding assays using membrane preparations from cells expressing P2Y2 or P2Y4 receptors. The compound's binding affinity is determined by its ability to displace a labeled ligand. Functional assays such as [35S]GTPγS binding or measurement of intracellular calcium mobilization can also be used to assess UTP's agonist activity at purinergic receptors. These assays confirm the interaction of UTP with its target receptors.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for UTP are performed using cell lines expressing P2Y2 or P2Y4 receptors, or primary cells such as airway epithelial cells. Cells are treated with UTP, and intracellular calcium levels are measured using fluorescent calcium indicators to assess receptor activation. Ciliary beat frequency is measured using high-speed video microscopy in airway epithelial cells. Mucin secretion from goblet cells is quantified by ELISA or other biochemical methods. These assays confirm the functional activity of UTP at purinergic receptors.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for UTP are conducted in models of respiratory diseases where mucociliary clearance is impaired. Mice or other animals are administered UTP via intratracheal or aerosol administration, and the effects on airway hydration, mucociliary clearance, and pulmonary function are assessed. However, due to the rapid degradation of UTP by ecto-nucleotidases, stable analogs are often used in these studies. The compound's efficacy in enhancing airway clearance is evaluated.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
UTP has a molecular weight of 484.1 g/mol and a molecular formula of C9H15N2O15P3. As a nucleotide, UTP is highly polar and has limited cell membrane permeability. It is rapidly metabolized by ecto-nucleotidases in the extracellular space, resulting in a very short half-life in vivo. This rapid degradation limits its systemic bioavailability and therapeutic utility. However, local administration (e.g., inhalation) can achieve therapeutic concentrations at the target site. Stable analogs of UTP have been developed to improve pharmacokinetic properties.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
UTP is an endogenous nucleotide and is generally well-tolerated. No significant toxicity has been reported at physiological concentrations. However, high concentrations of UTP may cause adverse effects, including activation of purinergic receptors in other tissues. As an endogenous compound, UTP is rapidly metabolized and cleared, minimizing the risk of toxicity. Toxicology studies would be required for any therapeutic application of UTP or its analogs.
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| References |
[1]. Lamarca A, et al. Uridine 5'-triphosphate promotes in vitro Schwannoma cell migration through matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 6;9(6):e98998.
[2]. Choi JH, et al. Uridine triphosphate increases proliferation of human cancerous pancreatic duct epithelial cells by activating P2Y2 receptor. Pancreas. 2013 May;42(4):680-6. [3]. Yitzhaki S, et al. Uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) reduces infarct size and improves rat heart function aftermyocardial infarct. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Oct 16;72(8):949-55. [4]. Iwaki Y, et al. Enhancement of antibody production against rabies virus by uridine 5'-triphosphate in mice. Microbes Infect. 2014 Mar;16(3):196-202 |
| Additional Infomation |
UTP is a pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate with the nucleobase uracil. It is a metabolite of E. coli and mice. It is a pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate, and also a uridine 5'-phosphate. It is the conjugate acid of UTP(4-) and UTP(3-). Urate 5'-(tetrahydrotriphosphate). A uracil nucleotide with its glycosyl moiety esterified to have three phosphate groups. Urate triphosphate is present in or produced by E. coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Urate 5'-triphosphate has been reported in Jerusalem artichoke, humans, and other organisms with relevant data. INS316 is a short-acting aerosol uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) solution used as an adjunct diagnostic agent for lung cancer. INS316 appears to promote sputum expectoration via the P2Y2 receptor (a nucleotide receptor expressed in human respiratory epithelial cells and some other tissues). UTP binding to the P2Y2 receptor triggers signal transduction, leading to chloride ion secretion and thus promoting airway mucociliary clearance. Urate triphosphate is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Urate 5'-(tetrahydrotriphosphate). A uracil nucleotide whose sugar moiety is esterified with three phosphate groups. See also: Urate 5'-(tetrahydrotriphosphate) (note moved to).
Uridine triphosphate (UTP) is a nucleotide that regulates various physiological functions, including exocrine and endocrine secretion, cell proliferation, and ion transport in the pancreas, as well as mucociliary clearance in the airways. It is a natural agonist at P2Y2 and P2Y4 purinergic receptors. UTP is a vital RNA building block and plays a significant role in cell metabolism. Due to its rapid degradation in vivo, stable analogs such as denufosol have been developed for therapeutic applications in respiratory diseases. UTP is not an approved drug but is used as a research tool and a reference compound in purinergic receptor studies. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H15N2O15P3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
484.1393
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| Exact Mass |
483.969
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| CAS # |
63-39-8
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| Related CAS # |
Uridine triphosphate-13C9,15N2 sodium;285978-18-9;Uridine triphosphate trisodium salt;19817-92-6
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| PubChem CID |
6133
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
2.106 g/cm3
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| Flash Point |
113ºC
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| LogP |
-5.8
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
15
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
839
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
PGAVKCOVUIYSFO-XVFCMESISA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H15N2O15P3/c12-5-1-2-11(9(15)10-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(24-8)3-23-28(19,20)26-29(21,22)25-27(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H,10,12,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate
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| Synonyms |
INS 316; INS-316; Uridine triphosphate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product is not stable in solution, please use freshly prepared working solution for optimal results. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 150 mg/mL (~309.83 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (206.55 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.0655 mL | 10.3276 mL | 20.6552 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4131 mL | 2.0655 mL | 4.1310 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2066 mL | 1.0328 mL | 2.0655 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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