| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
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| ln Vitro |
Tromantadine (10–50 μg) treatment decreased the cytopathic effects of HSV in cells. Treatment with 100–500 μg of tromantadine decreases the cytopathic effects and lowers the amount of virus produced by the herpes simplex virus. Complete suppression of viral generation was seen at 500 μg to 1 mg of treatment. Triamantadine's antiherpetic effect is contingent upon the viral inoculum and the compound's addition time in relation to infection [1].
In vitro studies demonstrate that tromantadine hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication. It effectively inhibits HSV-1 (KOS strain)-induced cytopathic effect and viral replication with limited cytotoxicity to host cells. Treatment with tromantadine at concentrations of 10-50 microg reduces the cytopathic effect of HSV in cell cultures. Doses of 100-500 microg further decrease the cytopathic effect and reduce the viral yield. At concentrations of 500 microg to 1 mg, tromantadine can completely suppress virus production. The antiherpetic effect is dependent on the viral inoculum and the time of drug addition relative to infection, with earlier administration leading to greater efficacy. Tromantadine specifically inhibits viral replication by interfering with the early steps of the viral life cycle, including the binding of the viral glycoproteins to host cell receptors and the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Unlike some other antiviral agents, tromantadine does not directly inhibit viral DNA polymerases or other replication enzymes. This mechanism helps to lower the potential for drug resistance. Tromantadine HCl also inhibits the replication of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains. The compound shows a good selectivity index, indicating that it is more toxic to the virus than to the host cells. |
| ln Vivo |
Available in vivo data for tromantadine HCl is limited primarily to early preclinical studies. As a topical formulation, it has been shown to be effective in reducing the severity and duration of HSV-induced skin lesions in animal models, such as guinea pigs and mice. In these studies, topical application of tromantadine cream at the onset of symptoms led to faster healing and reduced viral shedding. However, detailed and standardized in vivo efficacy studies, including pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) correlations in systemic administration models, are not readily available in the public domain. Its primary use has been explored as a topical treatment for herpes labialis (cold sores).
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| Enzyme Assay |
The antiviral activity of tromantadine HCl is evaluated using in vitro cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition or plaque reduction assays. For the plaque reduction assay, confluent monolayers of Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells) in 6-well plates are infected with a known titer of HSV-1 (e.g., 100 plaque-forming units (PFU) per well) for 1 hour at 37degC. The viral inoculum is then removed, and the cells are overlaid with a maintenance medium containing 0.5-1% methylcellulose or agarose to restrict viral spread to neighboring cells, along with various concentrations of tromantadine HCl (e.g., ranging from 1 to 200 microg/mL). Control wells receive virus but no drug (positive control) or no virus and no drug (cell control). After 48-72 hours of incubation at 37degC in a 5% CO2 incubator, the overlay is removed, and the cells are fixed and stained with a 0.5% crystal violet solution in 25% methanol. The plaques (zones of cleared cells) are counted under a light microscope. The concentration of tromantadine HCl required to reduce the number of plaques by 50% (EC50) is calculated. The cytotoxicity of the compound is assessed in parallel in uninfected Vero cells using a standard viability assay such as MTT or CellTiter-Glo to determine the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50). The selectivity index (SI) is then calculated as the CC50 divided by the EC50, providing a measure of the compound's safety margin.
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| Cell Assay |
The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of tromantadine HCl are assessed using the same plaque reduction or CPE inhibition assay described above, which simultaneously evaluates its effect on virus-infected cells and its toxic effect on uninfected cells. Specific protocols for assessing its mechanism of action involve time-of-addition assays. In these assays, Vero cells are infected with HSV-1 as described. Tromantadine HCl is then added at different time points relative to infection: before infection (pretreatment), during the 1-hour viral adsorption period (co-treatment), immediately after adsorption (entry phase), or at various times post-adsorption (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-infection). The culture is then processed as a standard plaque assay, with the overlay containing the same drug concentration if applicable. A compound that is effective only when added before or during adsorption is considered to block viral entry. If it is only effective when added at later time points, it would be considered to block a later stage of replication. As tromantadine is known to block viral adsorption, penetration, and uncoating, it is expected to be most effective when added during the early phases of infection.
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| Animal Protocol |
Detailed protocols for in vivo testing of tromantadine HCl in animal models are available from the literature. One commonly used model is the guinea pig cutaneous HSV infection model. Female Hartley guinea pigs (weighing 250-300 g) are anesthetized, and the skin on their flank is gently abraded with a sterile needle or scalpel to create a superficial wound. The abraded area is then inoculated with a viral suspension (e.g., 10⁶ PFU of HSV-1 or HSV-2). After the inoculation, the animals are randomly divided into treatment groups. For topical administration, tromantadine HCl is formulated as a 1-5% cream or ointment in a suitable base (e.g., polyethylene glycol). Treatment begins either prophylactically (one day before infection) or therapeutically (immediately or at various times after infection, e.g., 24-48 hours). The test formulation or vehicle control is applied to the infected area 2-4 times daily for 5-10 consecutive days. The development of skin lesions is monitored daily. The severity of lesions is scored using a standardized scale (e.g., 0 = no lesions, 1 = erythema/swelling, 2 = vesicle formation, 3 = ulceration). The number of days to healing (lesion score returns to 0) is recorded. Viral titers in the skin are also quantified by homogenizing a skin biopsy and performing a plaque assay on Vero cells.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
There is limited detailed pharmacokinetic (PK) information on tromantadine HCl in the public domain, likely due to its primary development as a topical agent. When administered topically, systemic absorption is expected to be minimal, resulting in very low plasma concentrations. This minimizes the risk of systemic side effects. For systemic administration, tromantadine HCl is expected to be absorbed and distributed. The half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance would be important parameters, but are not typically reported for this agent. As a derivative of amantadine, it might share some of its metabolic pathways, but detailed studies are not available.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Tromantadine HCl has a well-established safety profile, particularly when used topically. In clinical studies for cold sores, topical application of tromantadine cream has been shown to be well-tolerated, with only mild and transient local reactions such as burning or stinging at the application site reported. Systemic toxicity is minimal due to low absorption. In preclinical studies, oral administration of tromantadine has been shown to have a low order of acute toxicity. The median lethal dose (LD50) in rodents is known to be in the range of several hundred mg/kg, indicating a low acute toxicity profile. The compound is not associated with the neurotoxicity that can occur with high doses of amantadine.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Tramatidine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of tramatadine, a cyclic amine with activity against herpes simplex virus. Tramatidine inhibits viral particle adsorption to the cell surface, as well as viral penetration and uncoating.
Tromantadine is a derivative of the antiviral drug amantadine. Unlike amantadine, which is also active against influenza A and Parkinson's disease, tromantadine is specifically developed for treating herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, particularly herpes labialis (cold sores). It is commercially available in some countries as a topical cream (e.g., Viru-Merz, Tromantadin). The mechanism of action is distinct from other anti-herpes drugs such as acyclovir (which inhibits viral DNA polymerase). Tromantadine acts by inhibiting the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, preventing the virus from entering the cell. It also interferes with the uncoating of the viral particle after entry. This unique mechanism means there is no cross-resistance with nucleoside analog drugs like acyclovir, making it a potential option for treating acyclovir-resistant HSV strains. Tromantadine is available as over-the-counter (OTC) in some regions for the treatment of cold sores. |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H29CLN2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
316.8667
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| Exact Mass |
316.192
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| CAS # |
41544-24-5
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| Related CAS # |
Tromantadine;53783-83-8
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| PubChem CID |
170532
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
434.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
216.6ºC
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| LogP |
3.291
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
21
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| Complexity |
326
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
BPRCWSNCXPHMIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H28N2O2.ClH/c1-18(2)3-4-20-11-15(19)17-16-8-12-5-13(9-16)7-14(6-12)10-16;/h12-14H,3-11H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19);1H
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| Chemical Name |
N-(1-adamantyl)-2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]acetamide;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~62.5 mg/mL (~197.24 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.56 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.56 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.56 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.1559 mL | 15.7793 mL | 31.5587 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6312 mL | 3.1559 mL | 6.3117 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3156 mL | 1.5779 mL | 3.1559 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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