| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride is oxygen, as the complex is widely used as a luminescent probe for the detection and quantitation of oxygen. The complex's luminescence is quenched by oxygen, allowing for sensitive oxygen measurement. In photochemical applications, the complex acts as a photosensitizer, absorbing light and transferring energy or electrons to other molecules. The extended π-system of the diphenyl groups enhances its optical and electrochemical properties, making it suitable for photoredox catalysis and molecular electronics. In bioimaging, the complex's intense red-orange emission and photostability allow for long-term imaging of biological samples. The cationic nature of the complex improves solubility in polar solvents, facilitating its use in various applications. The complex is also used as a probe for luminescent detection in (fiber optic) optical sensors.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride is used as a luminescent probe for oxygen detection and quantitation. The complex exhibits absorption λmax at 455 nm and luminescence λmax at 613 nm. Its intense red-orange emission and photostability make it suitable for photochemical studies, dye-sensitized solar cells, light-emitting devices, and bioimaging. In photoredox catalysis, the complex acts as a photosensitizer for various organic transformations. The extended π-system of the diphenyl groups enhances its optical and electrochemical properties. The complex's luminescence is quenched by oxygen, allowing for sensitive oxygen detection in solution. It is used in fluorescence-based sensing applications, molecular electronics, and as a probe for oxygen studies in skin and tumors. The complex's cationic nature improves solubility in polar solvents. It is available with a purity of ≥95%.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride is not used as a therapeutic agent but rather as a research tool for imaging and oxygen sensing. The complex has been used in studies of oxygen in skin and tumors, as well as for oxygen imaging. Its intense red-orange emission and photostability allow for long-term imaging in biological systems. The complex can be used in (fiber optic) optical sensors for in vivo oxygen measurements. It is also used in bioimaging applications for visualizing biological structures. The compound is not approved for clinical use and is intended for research applications only. Its cationic nature improves solubility in polar solvents, facilitating its use in biological systems. The complex's photostability makes it suitable for long-term imaging studies.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro experiments with Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride typically involve preparing solutions in appropriate solvents for spectroscopic measurements. The complex is soluble in polar solvents due to its cationic nature. For oxygen sensing, the compound is dissolved in buffer or organic solvent at concentrations ranging from 1-100 μM. The solution is equilibrated with gases of known oxygen concentration, and luminescence is measured at excitation 455 nm and emission 613 nm. The Stern-Volmer relationship is used to quantify oxygen concentration based on the degree of luminescence quenching. For photochemical studies, the complex is used as a photosensitizer at concentrations of 1-10 μM. The compound is stored at -20°C. Its purity is typically ≥95%.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays using Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride are typically performed in cell culture models for imaging and oxygen sensing applications. Cells are incubated with the complex at concentrations of 1-10 μM for 30-60 minutes. The complex's intense red-orange emission allows for fluorescence microscopy imaging. For oxygen sensing in cells, the luminescence lifetime or intensity is measured and correlated with oxygen concentration. The complex's photostability allows for long-term imaging without significant photobleaching. Cell viability should be assessed to ensure the complex is not toxic at the concentrations used. The complex's cationic nature facilitates cellular uptake. It is used in studies of cellular oxygen consumption and hypoxia. The compound is stored at -20°C and protected from light.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride are conducted for oxygen imaging and sensing applications. The complex may be administered intravenously or topically for imaging of oxygen in skin, tumors, or other tissues. The compound's intense red-orange emission allows for fluorescence imaging in vivo. The oxygen-dependent luminescence quenching allows for mapping of oxygen distribution in tissues. The complex's photostability allows for long-term imaging sessions. Dosing would depend on the specific application and imaging modality. The compound is intended for research use only and is not approved for clinical applications. Safety and toxicity should be assessed for each specific application. The compound is stored at -20°C.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride have not been extensively characterized as the compound is primarily used as a research tool for imaging and sensing applications. The complex has a molecular weight of approximately 1169.19 g/mol and the formula C72H48Cl2N6Ru. It is soluble in polar solvents due to its cationic nature. The complex exhibits absorption λmax at 455 nm and luminescence λmax at 613 nm. For long-term storage, the compound is stored at -20°C. The compound's photostability allows for extended use in imaging applications. The complex's luminescence is quenched by oxygen, which is the basis for its use as an oxygen sensor. The compound is available with a purity of ≥95%. It is also known as Ru(ddp). The compound is typically stored as a solid at -20°C【30†L17】.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity of Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride has not been extensively characterized as the compound is primarily used as a research tool. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human use. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound, including the use of gloves and eye protection. The compound contains ruthenium, a heavy metal, which may have toxicity concerns. In cell culture applications, the compound is used at concentrations that are generally compatible with cell viability (1-10 μM). Higher concentrations may affect cell viability or cause non-specific effects. The compound is not classified as a highly toxic substance but should be handled with appropriate care. Safety data sheets recommend standard handling procedures for research chemicals.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride (CAS 36309-88-3) is a luminescent transition metal complex also known as Ru(ddp). It has the molecular formula C72H48Cl2N6Ru and a molecular weight of approximately 1169.19 g/mol. The complex features a ruthenium(II) center coordinated with three diphenyl-substituted phenanthroline ligands. It exhibits absorption λmax at 455 nm and luminescence λmax at 613 nm. Known for its intense red-orange emission and photostability, the complex is widely used in photochemical studies, dye-sensitized solar cells, light-emitting devices, and bioimaging. The extended π-system of the diphenyl groups enhances its optical and electrochemical properties. Its cationic nature, balanced by two chloride counterions, improves solubility in polar solvents. The complex is used as a probe for luminescent detection and quantitation of oxygen. It is also used in photoredox catalysis, molecular electronics, and fluorescence-based sensing applications. The compound is stored at -20°C and has a purity of ≥95%.
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| Molecular Formula |
C72H48CL2N6RU
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1169.1677
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| Exact Mass |
1168.236
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| CAS # |
36309-88-3
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| PubChem CID |
11980975
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| Appearance |
Orange to red solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
543.1ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
275-279°C (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
>110°C
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| LogP |
19.73
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
81
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| Complexity |
409
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
SKZWFYFFTOHWQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/3C24H16N2.2ClH.Ru/c3*1-3-7-17(8-4-1)19-13-15-25-23-21(19)11-12-22-20(14-16-26-24(22)23)18-9-5-2-6-10-18;;;/h3*1-16H;2*1H;/q;;;;;+2/p-2
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| Chemical Name |
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline;ruthenium(2+);dichloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~21.38 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 1.25 mg/mL (1.07 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.8553 mL | 4.2765 mL | 8.5531 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1711 mL | 0.8553 mL | 1.7106 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0855 mL | 0.4277 mL | 0.8553 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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