| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Uremic toxins often accumulate in the blood due to overeating or poor kidney filtration. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products that are normally excreted through urine or feces. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Uremic toxins, such as 2-hexenal, can be actively transported to the kidneys via organic ion transporters, particularly OAT3. Elevated uremic toxin levels can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This appears to be mediated by the direct binding of uremic toxins to or inhibition of NADPH oxidases, particularly NOX4, which is abundant in the kidneys and heart (A7868). ROS can induce a variety of different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) involved in the silencing of the KLOTHO protein. KLOTHO has been shown to play an important role in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that in acute or chronic kidney disease, KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are decreased due to elevated local ROS levels (A7869). |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(2E)-Hexenal is a 2-hexenal with an E-configuration of its olefinic double bond. It is naturally found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and spices. It is used as a flavoring agent, antibacterial agent, and plant metabolite. It has been reported to be present in tea (Camellia sinensis), Indian anise (Aethus indicus), and several other organisms with relevant data. 2-Hexenal is a uremic toxin. Based on their chemical and physical properties, uremic toxins can be classified into three main categories: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as phenols; and 3) larger, so-called medium-molecular-weight compounds, such as β2-microglobulins. Long-term exposure to uremic toxins can lead to various diseases, including kidney damage, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. 2-Hexenal is found in allspice. It is used in spices and flavorings. 2-Hexenal belongs to the medium-chain aldehyde class. Medium-chain aldehydes are aldehyde compounds with a carbon chain length between 6 and 12 carbon atoms.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C₆H₁₀O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
98.14
|
| Exact Mass |
98.073
|
| CAS # |
6728-26-3
|
| PubChem CID |
5281168
|
| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
|
| Density |
0.8±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
146.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
38.3±0.0 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
4.6±0.2 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.422
|
| LogP |
1.58
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
7
|
| Complexity |
64.6
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
O=C([H])/C(/[H])=C(\[H])/C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H]
|
| InChi Key |
MBDOYVRWFFCFHM-SNAWJCMRSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H10O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h4-6H,2-3H2,1H3/b5-4+
|
| Chemical Name |
(E)-hex-2-enal
|
| Synonyms |
Trans2Hexenal; Trans 2 Hexenal
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~509.48 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (25.47 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (25.47 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (25.47 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 10.1895 mL | 50.9476 mL | 101.8953 mL | |
| 5 mM | 2.0379 mL | 10.1895 mL | 20.3791 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.0190 mL | 5.0948 mL | 10.1895 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
