| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
The primary targets of Tomatidine are NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. It inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation and JNK activation. Tomatidine inhibits the phosphorylation of I-κB, blocks I-κB production, and suppresses p65 NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. It also inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. By modulating these pathways, tomatidine reduces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages.
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| ln Vitro |
Tomatidine inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, JNK activation, and I-κBα phosphorylation, which in turn inhibits c-jun phosphorylation and Oct-2 expression, hence reducing inducible NO synthase and COX-2 expression. At 40 μM, the formation of nitrite was suppressed by 66%, 22%, and 41% of tomate, solanine, and diosgenin, respectively. Tomatine generated a dose-dependent suppression of LPS-induced iNOS expression, and iNOS protein was hardly detectable in unstimulated cells but rose considerably following LPS treatment. Since p65 is a key component of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated macrophages, it was determined how tomatidine affected p65's ability to bind DNA. A dose-dependent inhibition of NF-κB binding activity was observed at tomatine doses of 10–40 μM. Tomatidine suppresses I-κB phosphorylation, prevents I-κB synthesis, and further suppresses the translocation of p65 NF-κB to the nucleus, controlling binding activity [1].
In vitro, Tomatidine decreases inducible NO synthase and COX-2 expression through suppression of NF-κB and JNK pathways in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages. At 40 μM, tomatidine shows 66% inhibition of nitrite production. The iNOS protein is barely detectable in unstimulated cells but markedly increases after LPS treatment, and tomatidine causes dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS expression. In the presence of tomatidine at 10-40 μM, the binding activity of NF-κB is suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. |
| ln Vivo |
Tomatidine activates autophagy in mammalian cells and C. elegans. It has been studied for its role in promoting muscle growth and reducing muscle atrophy. The compound exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Tomatidine inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, as well as the nuclear content of NF-κB. It has been used in research on muscle-related diseases and sports nutrition.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Tomatidine involve measuring its inhibition of NF-κB DNA-binding activity. RAW 264.7 macrophages are cultured and stimulated with LPS in the presence of varying concentrations of tomatidine (10-40 μM). The DNA-binding activity of p65, the major component of NF-κB, is determined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The inhibition of I-κBα phosphorylation is assessed by Western blotting. JNK activation is measured by detecting phosphorylated JNK levels.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Tomatidine are performed using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Cells are cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37 °C. Cells are plated and treated with vehicle, test compounds, and/or LPS under serum-free conditions. Nitrite production is measured using the Griess assay. iNOS and COX-2 expression are assessed by Western blotting.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Tomatidine are limited in the available literature. The compound has been studied for its role in promoting muscle growth and reducing muscle atrophy in animal models. However, specific detailed protocols for in vivo studies are not well-documented. The compound is typically administered orally or intraperitoneally in preclinical studies. Efficacy is evaluated by measuring muscle mass and function.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Tomatidine indicate that it has a molecular weight of 415.65 and a molecular formula of C27H45NO2. The powder is stable when stored at -20°C for up to 3 years or at 4°C for up to 2 years. In solvent, it can be stored at -80°C for 6 months or at -20°C for 1 month. The compound is soluble in DMSO and other organic solvents. It has a LogP of 4.9. Storage at -20°C is recommended.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology (toxicology) data for Tomatidine indicate that it is generally well-tolerated in preclinical studies. As a steroidal alkaloid found in tomatoes, it has a favorable safety profile at moderate doses. The compound does not inhibit the hedgehog pathway, unlike its structural analog cyclopamine. However, long-term safety data are limited. The compound is for research use only and not for human therapeutic use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Tomatine is a 3β-hydroxy steroid formed by replacing the 3β-hydrogen of lycine with a hydroxyl group. It is an azaspirocyclic compound, an oxaspirocyclic compound, and a 3β-hydroxy steroid. It is the conjugate base of tomatine (1+). It is derived from the hydride of lycine. Tomatine has been reported to exist in potato (Solanum tuberosum), Solanum kieseritzkii, and other organisms with relevant data.
Other information: Tomatidine is a steroidal alkaloid naturally occurring in tomatoes. It is also known as Tomatidine. The compound has been studied for its role in promoting muscle growth and reducing muscle atrophy. It targets the MAPK/ERK pathway. Tomatidine is available from chemical suppliers for preclinical research purposes. Its CAS number is 77-59-8. |
| Molecular Formula |
C27H45NO2
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| Molecular Weight |
415.66
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| Exact Mass |
415.345
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| CAS # |
77-59-8
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| Related CAS # |
Tomatidine hydrochloride;6192-62-7
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| PubChem CID |
65576
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
527.2±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
210.5℃
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| Flash Point |
272.7±23.2 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.560
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| LogP |
6.15
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
30
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| Complexity |
696
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
12
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1CC[C@]2([C@H]([C@H]3[C@@H](O2)C[C@@H]4[C@@]3(CC[C@H]5[C@H]4CC[C@@H]6[C@@]5(CC[C@@H](C6)O)C)C)C)NC1
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| InChi Key |
XYNPYHXGMWJBLV-VXPJTDKGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C27H45NO2/c1-16-7-12-27(28-15-16)17(2)24-23(30-27)14-22-20-6-5-18-13-19(29)8-10-25(18,3)21(20)9-11-26(22,24)4/h16-24,28-29H,5-15H2,1-4H3/t16-,17-,18-,19-,20+,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1R,2S,4S,5'S,6S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,16S,18S)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-piperidine]-16-ol
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| Synonyms |
5alpha-Tomatidan-3beta-ol Tomatidine
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~16.67 mg/mL (~40.11 mM)
0.1 M HCL :< 1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 0.29 mg/mL (0.70 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 2.9 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 0.29 mg/mL (0.70 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 2.9 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 0.29 mg/mL (0.70 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 5 mg/mL (12.03 mM) in 50% PEG300 50% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4058 mL | 12.0291 mL | 24.0581 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4812 mL | 2.4058 mL | 4.8116 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2406 mL | 1.2029 mL | 2.4058 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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