| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Beta-pleated sheet conformation of proteins, specifically dense-core amyloid-β plaques [1]
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Thioflavine S stains dense-core (fibrillar) amyloid-β plaques in ex vivo tissue sections from both human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and PDAPP transgenic mouse brain, producing blue-green fluorescence when imaged with appropriate excitation/emission filters (380–480 nm).
It does not stain diffuse (non-fibrillar) amyloid-β deposits. In human AD tissue, neurofibrillary tangles (which also have a beta-pleated sheet structure) bind Thioflavine S, but this staining is not associated with free radical production as detected by oxidative probes. The staining pattern of Thioflavine S is used as a gold-standard morphological correlate to confirm that the structures which oxidize free radical probes (Amplex Red, H₂DCF) are indeed dense-core amyloid plaques. [1] |
| ln Vivo |
Thioflavine S (0.01% in PBS) was applied topically to the exposed cortex of living PDAPP and Tg2576 transgenic mice (aged 15-21 months) through a cranial window to stain amyloid plaques in real time.
It specifically labels dense-core senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy in the living mouse brain, allowing for their visualization and spatial mapping using multiphoton microscopy. The in vivo staining with Thioflavine S confirmed that the structures generating free radicals (detected by oxidation of Amplex Red or H₂DCF) were co-localized with thioflavine S-positive plaques. [1] |
| Animal Protocol |
In Vivo Imaging Protocol: Transgenic mice (PDAPP or Tg2576, 15-21 months old) were anesthetized. A pre-implanted cranial window was opened, and the cortical surface was rinsed with sterile saline.
A solution of Thioflavine S (0.01% in PBS) was applied topically to the exposed brain surface. After an appropriate incubation period, the site was washed, and the coverslip was replaced. The animal was then imaged using multiphoton microscopy with excitation/emission settings optimized for thioflavine S fluorescence (380-480 nm). This protocol allowed for repeated visualization of the same plaques over time in living animals. [1] |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Thioflavine T is an organochlorine salt with the counterion 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-onium. It is widely used for the colorimetric and quantitative analysis of amyloid proteins in vitro and in vivo. It can be used as a fluorescent dye, histological dye, and anti-aging agent. It contains the Thioflavine T cation. Thioflavine S is a well-established histochemical dye used to detect amyloid fibrils based on their characteristic β-sheet conformation. In this study, it was used as an important validation tool to morphologically identify dense-core amyloid plaques in in vivo transgenic mouse models and in isolated human and mouse brain tissue. Its staining specificity targets fibrous aggregates of β-amyloid protein, rather than diffuse aggregates, which helps distinguish plaque subtypes.
The co-localization of Thioflavine S staining with the oxidation sites of free radical probes directly demonstrated that dense-core amyloid plaques are the source of oxidative stress in the Alzheimer's disease model. This study also used the related dye thiazine red for similar purposes and obtained similar results. [1] |
| Molecular Formula |
C17H19N2S+.CL-
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
318.86416
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| Exact Mass |
318.095
|
| CAS # |
1326-12-1
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| PubChem CID |
16953
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| Appearance |
Yellow to brown solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
21
|
| Complexity |
325
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
JADVWWSKYZXRGX-UHFFFAOYSA-M
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H19N2S.ClH/c1-12-5-10-15-16(11-12)20-17(19(15)4)13-6-8-14(9-7-13)18(2)3;/h5-11H,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
|
| Chemical Name |
4-(3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylaniline;chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.1362 mL | 15.6809 mL | 31.3617 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6272 mL | 3.1362 mL | 6.2723 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3136 mL | 1.5681 mL | 3.1362 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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