| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25g |
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| 50g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of TTFA is mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). TTFA binds at the quinone reduction site of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR), preventing ubiquinone from binding. The compound binds to two ubiquinone binding sites, Qp and Qd. By blocking ubiquinone binding, TTFA inhibits electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone, thereby blocking mitochondrial respiration. The compound inhibits Complex II with an IC50 of 51.5 µM. TTFA is the archetype representative of Complex II inhibitors. In addition to its effects on Complex II, TTFA is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase activity. The compound also acts as a chelating agent, forming complexes with various metal ions including Mn(II), Co(III), and Ni(II). The copper(II) complex of TTFA has anticancer activity against K562 cells. TTFA also has antitubercular and cytotoxic activity.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, TTFA inhibits mitochondrial respiration by blocking respiratory chain Complex II with an IC50 of 51.5 µM. The compound's inhibition of Complex II leads to a decrease in oxygen consumption and ATP production. The copper(II) complex of TTFA has anticancer activity against K562 cells. TTFA also has antitubercular and cytotoxic activity. The compound's in vitro activity is well-characterized and forms the basis for its use in mitochondrial research. TTFA is a valuable tool for studying the role of Complex II in cellular respiration, energy metabolism, and disease.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, TTFA has been studied in animal models of mitochondrial dysfunction. As a Complex II inhibitor, it is used to investigate the role of mitochondrial respiration in disease and to model mitochondrial disorders. The compound's ability to inhibit Complex II in vivo can lead to metabolic and physiological effects that mimic mitochondrial diseases. Further studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's in vivo pharmacokinetics and efficacy in different disease models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free enzyme assays with TTFA are performed using isolated mitochondrial membranes or purified succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II). The enzyme is incubated with succinate, ubiquinone, and varying concentrations of TTFA. Enzyme activity is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the reduction of ubiquinone or DCPIP. The IC50 value for Complex II inhibition is determined from the dose-response curve. These cell-free assays are essential for characterizing the potency of TTFA as a Complex II inhibitor. The compound's activity is compared with other Complex II inhibitors to assess its relative potency. The cell-free assay data provide a quantitative measure of the compound's inhibitory activity and are used to guide the design of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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| Cell Assay |
In cellular assays, mammalian cell lines (e.g., K562 cells) are treated with TTFA or its copper complex. Cell viability is assessed using MTT assays. Mitochondrial respiration is measured using oxygen consumption assays. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity are evaluated. The compound's effects on cellular metabolism and energy production are also assessed. These cellular assays are crucial for understanding the functional consequences of Complex II inhibition and for validating the compound's activity as a mitochondrial inhibitor.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies with TTFA are conducted in animal models of mitochondrial diseases or cancer. TTFA is administered via intraperitoneal injection. Mitochondrial function, tumor growth, and tissue pathology are monitored. The compound's ability to inhibit Complex II in vivo is assessed by measuring oxygen consumption and ATP levels in tissues. These in vivo studies are essential for confirming the compound's efficacy in a physiologically relevant context and for guiding the development of Complex II inhibitors as therapeutic agents.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of TTFA including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are characterized in preclinical studies. As a chelating agent, tissue distribution may be influenced by metal ion binding. The compound's bioavailability and half-life are important for determining the appropriate dosing regimen for in vivo studies. The pharmacokinetic data obtained from these studies are essential for designing appropriate dosing regimens and for interpreting the results of efficacy and toxicity studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological evaluation of TTFA includes assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in various tissues. Inhibition of Complex II can affect energy metabolism in highly oxidative tissues, such as the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. Standard toxicology studies in animals evaluate organ toxicity and safety margins. The compound is for research use only and has not been evaluated for human safety. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling TTFA, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment and adherence to institutional safety guidelines.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Thiophenecarboxyltrifluoroacetone is a chelating agent and an inhibitor of cellular respiration.
Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that thiophenecarboxyltrifluoroacetone, in addition to inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complex II, is also a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase activity. Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA, CAS 326-91-0) is a research compound for laboratory use only. It is a chelating agent and an inhibitor of cellular respiration that binds at the quinone reduction site of Complex II. TTFA inhibits Complex II with an IC50 of 51.5 µM and blocks mitochondrial respiration. The copper(II) complex of TTFA has anticancer activity against K562 cells. TTFA is used to study mitochondrial respiration and dysfunction. It is not approved for human therapeutic use and is intended for research purposes only. The compound should be stored according to the manufacturer's recommendations, typically at room temperature, to ensure stability. When handling TTFA, researchers should follow standard safety protocols for handling chemical reagents, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment and working in a well-ventilated area. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H5F3O2S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
221.18
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| Exact Mass |
221.996
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| CAS # |
326-91-0
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| PubChem CID |
5601
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
227.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
40-44 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
111.7±0.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.478
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| LogP |
3.76
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
250
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
TXBBUSUXYMIVOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H5F3O2S/c9-8(10,11)7(13)4-5(12)6-2-1-3-14-6/h1-3H,4H2
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| Chemical Name |
4,4,4-trifluoro-1-thiophen-2-ylbutane-1,3-dione
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| Synonyms |
NSC-66544; NSC 66544; Thenoyltrifluoroacetone
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~450.09 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.25 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.25 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.25 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.5212 mL | 22.6060 mL | 45.2120 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9042 mL | 4.5212 mL | 9.0424 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4521 mL | 2.2606 mL | 4.5212 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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