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| Targets |
As a therapeutic agent, Sulfogaiacol does not exert its effects by binding to a specific molecular target such as a receptor or enzyme in the classical sense. Instead, its primary mode of action is a local irritant effect on the gastric mucosa. When ingested orally, the compound stimulates the nerve endings in the stomach lining. This stimulation triggers a vagal reflex that leads to an increase in the production and secretion of respiratory tract fluids from the bronchial glands. This process is known as a reflex expectorant action. The increased fluid secretion results in a thinning of the thick, viscous mucus that accumulates in the airways during respiratory infections. By reducing the viscosity of the sputum, Sulfogaiacol facilitates its removal through coughing, thereby clearing the airways and improving breathing comfort. This indirect mechanism distinguishes it from drugs that act directly on cough centers in the brain or on peripheral receptors. It is important to note that its action is not mediated through a high-affinity interaction with a protein target but rather through a physiological reflex pathway.
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| ln Vitro |
Sulfogaiacol's primary in vitro activity is defined by its physicochemical properties as an expectorant, rather than by a direct pharmacological effect on isolated enzymes or receptors. Its activity is assessed in the context of its ability to alter mucus rheology. While specific in vitro assays for its mechanism are less common, its efficacy is often inferred from its ability to increase the volume and decrease the viscosity of bronchial secretions in experimental models. The compound's stability and solubility are key parameters for its in vitro handling. It is highly soluble in DMSO (48-55 mg/mL), which is a critical property for preparing stock solutions for research applications. In vivo formulation studies have shown that it can be prepared as a homogeneous suspension using a vehicle like CMC-Na at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, or as a solution using a mixture of 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween 80, and 45% saline at 2 mg/mL. These solubility data are essential for conducting preclinical studies to evaluate its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Sulfogaiacol is administered orally and is well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its primary action is systemic, where it exerts its antitussive and expectorant effects. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy in managing cough associated with acute respiratory tract infections. The compound's ability to reduce the viscosity of mucus and facilitate its expulsion has been validated in clinical settings, where it has been used for decades. Its effectiveness is often evaluated by measuring improvements in respiratory parameters and patient-reported outcomes related to cough and sputum clearance. Animal models of respiratory infection have been used to confirm its expectorant activity, showing an increase in respiratory tract fluid output. Its long-standing use in over-the-counter medications attests to its in vivo efficacy and safety profile. For research purposes, it is typically formulated in a vehicle suitable for oral administration, such as a suspension in CMC-Na or a solution with various co-solvents.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme or receptor binding assays are not typically performed for Sulfogaiacol, as its mechanism of action is not based on direct inhibition or activation of a specific enzyme. However, its physicochemical properties and stability can be characterized using standard analytical techniques. The purity of the compound is often assessed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Solubility studies are conducted by dissolving the compound in various solvents, such as DMSO, to determine its maximum solubility (e.g., 48-55 mg/mL in DMSO). For formulation development, the compound's stability in different vehicles and under various conditions (temperature, pH) can be evaluated. These in vitro assessments are crucial for ensuring the quality and consistency of the compound for research use. The compound is a sulfonate salt with a defined molecular structure, and its identity can be confirmed by analytical methods like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS).
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays are not a primary focus for Sulfogaiacol, as it is not typically used to study cellular signaling pathways or cytotoxicity in the context of drug discovery. However, for safety and toxicological profiling, standard cell viability assays such as the MTT or CCK-8 assay could be performed. In such an experiment, various concentrations of Sulfogaiacol would be added to cultured cells (e.g., a human lung epithelial cell line) and incubated for 24-72 hours. Cell viability would then be measured to determine the compound's IC50 and assess its potential cytotoxic effects. These types of assays are standard for evaluating the safety profile of any compound intended for therapeutic use. The compound's solubility in DMSO allows for the preparation of stock solutions, which can be diluted in cell culture media to the desired final concentrations for testing.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Sulfogaiacol are conducted to evaluate its expectorant and antitussive efficacy. A common model involves administering the compound orally to rodents (e.g., mice or rats) that have been pre-treated with an agent to induce respiratory tract secretions, such as phenol red or ammonium chloride. The amount of respiratory tract fluid or the concentration of a dye like phenol red in the tracheal wash is then measured to quantify the expectorant effect. For cough studies, the compound is administered to animals, and the frequency of coughs induced by an irritant (e.g., capsaicin or citric acid) is counted. In these models, Sulfogaiacol is typically formulated in a vehicle such as CMC-Na to create a homogeneous suspension for oral gavage. Dosing is often performed at a volume of 10 mL/kg, and the endpoint is the measurement of the pharmacodynamic effect compared to a control group. These studies confirm the compound's ability to increase bronchial secretion and reduce cough frequency.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Sulfogaiacol are consistent with those of a small, water-soluble molecule. After oral administration, it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The compound is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily via the kidneys. While detailed PK parameters such as half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance are not extensively reported in standard literature, its long history of use as an over-the-counter medication suggests predictable absorption and elimination characteristics. For research purposes, the compound can be formulated in various vehicles for in vivo administration. For instance, a solution can be prepared using 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween 80, and 45% saline to achieve a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Alternatively, a suspension can be made in CMC-Na at 5 mg/mL. These formulations are used in preclinical studies to evaluate its efficacy and safety.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Sulfogaiacol has been established through its long-term use in humans as an over-the-counter medication. It is generally considered safe and well-tolerated at the recommended doses. In acute toxicity studies, the compound has a high LD50, indicating a wide margin of safety. Common side effects are mild and may include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea or stomach upset, which are likely related to its local irritant effect on the gastric mucosa. At high doses, it could potentially cause more pronounced gastrointestinal irritation. Allergic reactions are rare. For research purposes, standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound in its pure form, including the use of personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety goggles) and working in a well-ventilated area.
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| Additional Infomation |
Sulfogaiacol is an aromatic sulfonic acid with guaiacol sulfonic acid at position 4. It is commonly used (in its potassium salt form) as an expectorant. It has expectorant properties. It is a member of the guaiacol class and aromatic sulfonic acid class. It is functionally related to guaiacol. It is the conjugate acid of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonate.
Used as an elastomer in dental impression materials; a mixture of potassium salts of 4- and 5-guaiacol sulfonate; the given RN refers to the parent compound. In addition to its established role as an antitussive and expectorant, Sulfogaiacol is also known by several synonyms, including guaiacolsulfonate and potassium guaiacolsulfonate. It is a key ingredient in various pharmaceutical formulations, often combined with other active ingredients like antihistamines or decongestants to provide comprehensive relief from cold and flu symptoms. For research purposes, it is available from various chemical suppliers with high purity, typically ≥98%. The compound is generally stable when stored as a powder at -20°C for up to three years. Its solubility in DMSO (up to 55 mg/mL) makes it amenable to various in vitro experimental setups. It is important to note that Sulfogaiacol is strictly intended for research use and is not for human therapeutic use in a research setting. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H7KO5S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
242.29
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| Exact Mass |
204.009
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| CAS # |
1321-14-8
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| PubChem CID |
23679005
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Melting Point |
34 °C
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| LogP |
1.385
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
260
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1(S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1.[K+]
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| InChi Key |
QDRCGSIKAHSALR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H8O5S/c1-12-7-4-5(13(9,10)11)2-3-6(7)8/h2-4,8H,1H3,(H,9,10,11)
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| Chemical Name |
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL (~206.36 mM)
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~206.36 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.32 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.32 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.32 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 50 mg/mL (206.36 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.1273 mL | 20.6364 mL | 41.2729 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8255 mL | 4.1273 mL | 8.2546 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4127 mL | 2.0636 mL | 4.1273 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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