| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Raffinose does not have a specific pharmacological target. It acts as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacteria. It also serves as an osmotic agent to protect cells from freezing and dehydration. In the intestine, it is fermented to short-chain fatty acids.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, raffinose is not metabolized by mammalian cells and shows no cytotoxicity up to 100 mM. It inhibits the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. It also protects proteins from aggregation during freeze-drying. It has no antioxidant or enzyme inhibition activity.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, raffinose has been shown to increase fecal Bifidobacterium counts in humans and animals. It also improves mineral absorption. In organ preservation, raffinose is used in solutions (e.g., Viaspan) to reduce cell swelling during cold storage. It has no systemic pharmacological effects.
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| Enzyme Assay |
No enzyme or receptor binding assay is applicable. In quality control, raffinose is analyzed by HPLC with refractive index detection. For prebiotic activity, fecal samples are cultured with raffinose, and bacterial growth is monitored by qPCR.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) are treated with raffinose (1-50 mM) for 24 h, and cell viability is assessed by MTT. No significant effects are observed. For protection assays, proteins or cells are freeze-dried with raffinose, and activity or viability is assessed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo prebiotic studies in rats: rats are fed a diet containing raffinose (2-5%) for 2 weeks. Fecal samples are collected for microbiota analysis by 16S sequencing. Short-chain fatty acids are measured in cecal contents. For organ preservation, rat livers are stored in UW solution containing raffinose at 4°C for 24 h, then assessed for viability after transplantation.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data: raffinose is not absorbed in the small intestine; it passes to the colon where it is fermented by bacteria. It is not found in the systemic circulation. No distribution or metabolism occurs in mammalian tissues.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Raffinose is considered safe (GRAS). The oral LD50 in rats is >2000 mg/kg. It may cause flatulence and gastrointestinal discomfort at high doses (≥20 g/day). No mutagenicity or toxicity is reported. It is used as a food ingredient and excipient.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of α-D-galactopyranose, α-D-glucopyranose, and β-D-fructofuranose, linked by 1→6 and 1<→2 glycosidic bonds, respectively. It is a plant metabolite, a Saccharide yeast metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. Raffinose belongs to the oligosaccharide and trisaccharide family of raffinose. It has been reported in European beech (Chaitophorus tremulae), larch (Cinara laricis), and other organisms with relevant data. It is a trisaccharide found in Australian mango (from the Eucalyptus genus, Myrtaceae) and cottonseed meal. See also: Oligosaccharides (subclasses).
Raffinose is used as a prebiotic, in infant formula, and in organ preservation solutions. It is also a component of some cell culture media. No therapeutic drug applications exist. It is widely available as a dietary supplement. |
| Molecular Formula |
C18H32O16
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
504.43708
|
| Exact Mass |
504.169
|
| CAS # |
512-69-6
|
| PubChem CID |
439242
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
884.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
80ºC
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| Flash Point |
488.9±34.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.676
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| LogP |
-2.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
11
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
16
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
34
|
| Complexity |
655
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
14
|
| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O2)O[C@]3([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-ZQSKZDJDSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H32O16/c19-1-5-8(22)11(25)13(27)16(31-5)30-3-7-9(23)12(26)14(28)17(32-7)34-18(4-21)15(29)10(24)6(2-20)33-18/h5-17,19-29H,1-4H2/t5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10-,11+,12+,13-,14-,15+,16+,17-,18+/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~250 mg/mL (~495.60 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~198.24 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.96 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.96 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.96 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 50 mg/mL (99.12 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9824 mL | 9.9120 mL | 19.8240 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3965 mL | 1.9824 mL | 3.9648 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1982 mL | 0.9912 mL | 1.9824 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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