| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5g |
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| 50g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
- NMDA receptor (glycine binding site, as a co-agonist) [1][2]
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and serine racemase (SR) break down (R)-serine after it is synthesized from L-serine. D-Ser is supported as an endogenous co-agonist acting at the glycine regulatory site of the NMDAR NR1 subunit by the distribution of D-Ser and NMDAR as shown by chemical measurements and immunohistochemistry [3].
- Cortical/hippocampal neurons: (R)-Serine (D-Serine) activates NMDA receptors by binding to the glycine site, enhancing glutamate-induced currents and promoting synaptic plasticity[1][2] - Pancreatic β-cells (MIN6 cells, mouse islet cells): (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (5-20 mM) inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in a concentration-dependent manner, reducing insulin release by 30-50%[4] - Schizophrenia patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells: (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (100 μM) normalizes NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx, which is impaired in these cells[2] |
| ln Vivo |
(R)-Serine (10 g/L; oral; over 8 weeks) reduces weight gain caused by a high-fat diet [4].
- Schizophrenia mouse models (MK-801-induced, NR1 hypomorphic mice): Chronic administration of (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (300 mg/kg/day, oral) improves cognitive deficits (working memory, attention) and reduces stereotyped behaviors[1][2] - Depression mouse models (chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS): (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) exerts antidepressant-like effects, increasing sucrose preference and reducing immobility time in forced swim test[2] - Drosophila melanogaster: (R)-Serine (D-Serine) synthesized by intestinal serine racemase regulates sleep duration; knockout of serine racemase reduces sleep, which is rescued by dietary supplementation of D-serine (5 mM)[3] - C57BL/6 mice: Chronic oral supplementation of (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (2 g/L in drinking water for 8 weeks) impairs glucose tolerance and reduces GSIS in vivo[4] |
| Enzyme Assay |
- NMDA receptor binding assay: Membrane preparations from rat brain cortex are incubated with radiolabeled glycine and various concentrations of (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (0.1-100 μM) at 4°C for 2 hours. Bound radioligand is separated by filtration, and radioactivity is measured. (R)-Serine (D-Serine) displaces glycine from the binding site in a competitive manner[1]
- Serine racemase activity assay: Recombinant serine racemase is incubated with L-serine and (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (1-10 mM) at 37°C for 1 hour. The reaction product is derivatized and analyzed by HPLC to determine the racemization rate, evaluating potential feedback regulation[3] |
| Cell Assay |
- NMDA receptor current recording: Cultured hippocampal neurons are patched in whole-cell configuration, and glutamate (10 μM) is applied with or without (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (0.1-10 μM). NMDA receptor-mediated currents are recorded using a patch-clamp amplifier, and current amplitude is quantified[1]
- Insulin secretion assay: Pancreatic β-cells or isolated islets are preincubated in low-glucose buffer (2.8 mM) for 1 hour, then treated with (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (5-20 mM) and high glucose (16.7 mM) for 2 hours. Culture supernatants are collected, and insulin concentration is measured by ELISA[4] - Calcium influx assay: Lymphoblastoid cells from schizophrenia patients are loaded with calcium indicator, then treated with glutamate (100 μM) + (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (100 μM). Calcium influx is detected by flow cytometry, and the fluorescence intensity is quantified[2] |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: 4weeks old male C57Bl/6 mice
Doses: 10g/L Route of Administration: Orally (drinking water supplemented with 10g/L D-serine); Results throughout 8 weeks: Weight gain was Dramatically diminished within the first week of supplementation , paralleled weight gain in HFD-fed mice, but did not catch up thereafter. - Schizophrenia model mice: MK-801-induced mice (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, daily for 7 days) or NR1 hypomorphic mice are administered (R)-Serine (D-Serine) via oral gavage at 300 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Cognitive function is evaluated by Y-maze (working memory) and novel object recognition tests; stereotyped behaviors are scored[1][2] - Drosophila sleep assay: Serine racemase knockout Drosophila and wild-type controls are fed with standard food or food supplemented with (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (5 mM) for 3 days. Sleep duration is monitored using video tracking system, recording daytime and nighttime sleep episodes[3] - Mouse glucose metabolism study: C57BL/6 mice are provided with drinking water containing (R)-Serine (D-Serine) (2 g/L) ad libitum for 8 weeks. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) is performed by intraperitoneal injection of glucose (2 g/kg), and blood glucose levels are measured at 0, 30, 60, 120 minutes. Insulin levels are detected by ELISA from serum collected during GTT[4] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In vivo metabolic toxicity: Long-term supplementation with (R)-serine (D-serine) (at a concentration of 2 g/L in drinking water for 8 weeks) impaired the function of pancreatic β-cells in mice, leading to reduced insulin secretion and glucose intolerance [4]
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
D-Serine is the R-enantiomer of serine. It is an NMDA receptor agonist and a metabolite in humans and E. coli. It is a D-α-amino acid belonging to the serine family. It is the conjugate base of D-serine salt, the conjugate acid of D-serine acid, an enantiomer of L-serine, and a zwitterion of D-serine. D-serine is a metabolite found or produced in E. coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). There are reports and data regarding the effects of D-serine in humans. D-serine is a non-essential amino acid, a dextrorotatory isomer of serine, and possesses antipsychotic activity. D-serine is a selective complete agonist of the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor. Impaired NMDA neurotransmitter function is considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; therefore, administration of D-serine followed by NMDA receptor activation may alleviate psychotic tendencies.
- (R)-serine (D-serine) is an endogenous amino acid and a key co-agonist of the NMDA receptor, essential for synaptic transmission and plasticity[1][2] - It is endogenously synthesized by serine racemic enzymes (which convert L-serine to D-serine) and degraded by D-amino acid oxidases (DAO)[1][3] - (R)-serine (D-serine) is a potential treatment for schizophrenia (targeting NMDA receptor dysfunction) and depression, but long-term supplementation may pose a risk to glucose metabolism[2][4] - In fruit flies, gut-derived (R)-serine (D-serine) acts as a systemic signal to regulate sleep, linking gut metabolism to brain function[3] |
| Molecular Formula |
C3H7NO3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
105.09258
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| Exact Mass |
105.042
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| CAS # |
312-84-5
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| Related CAS # |
D-Serine-d3;1414348-52-9
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| PubChem CID |
71077
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
394.8±32.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
220 °C
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| Flash Point |
192.6±25.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.519
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| LogP |
-1.58
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
|
| Complexity |
72.6
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
C([C@H](C(=O)O)N)O
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| InChi Key |
MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UWTATZPHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C3H7NO3/c4-2(1-5)3(6)7/h2,5H,1,4H2,(H,6,7)/t2-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL (~475.78 mM)
Methanol :< 1 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (475.78 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.5157 mL | 47.5783 mL | 95.1565 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.9031 mL | 9.5157 mL | 19.0313 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9516 mL | 4.7578 mL | 9.5157 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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