Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Pyruvate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein circulation. Metabolism/Metabolites In the liver, pyruvate is metabolized through multiple pathways.

Pyruvate is a 2-keto monocarboxylic acid, a 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite produced during glycolysis, an important metabolite and cofactor, functionally related to propionic acid, and is its conjugate acid. It is an intermediate product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is inhibited, and it accumulates in tissues, especially in neural structures. (From Stedman, 26th edition) Pyruvate is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has also been reported to be present in Cnidium monnieri, Drosophila melanogaster, and other organisms with relevant data. Pyruvate is an intermediate product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is inhibited, and it accumulates in tissues, especially in neural structures. (From Stedman, 26th edition) Biological source: Intermediate product of primary metabolism (including fermentation processes). It exists in muscle and is in redox equilibrium with lactate. Pyruvate, a chiral cyclic acetal linked to sugar residues, is a common component of bacterial polysaccharides. It can be isolated from sugarcane fermentation broth and peppermint. It is also a component of Bauhinia, chickpea, flame tree, pea, and sweet clover. Uses/Importance: A reagent used to regenerate carbonyl compounds from aminourea, phenylhydrazone, and oxime. Pyruvate is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is inhibited, and it accumulates in tissues, especially in neural structures. (Excerpt from Stedman, 26th edition) Pharmacological Indications: Used for nutritional supplementation and also for treating dietary deficiencies or imbalances. Mechanism of Action: Pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-CoA, used as a biofuel. Acetyl-CoA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is metabolized under aerobic conditions to produce ATP. Pyruvate can also be converted to lactate, thus providing energy under anaerobic conditions. Injection or perfusion of pyruvate enhances the heart's contractile function during glucose or fatty acid metabolism. This positive inotropic effect is particularly pronounced in ischemic/reperfusion-injured hearts. The positive inotropic effect of pyruvate requires intracoronary infusion. Its mechanism of action may include increased ATP production and enhanced ATP phosphorylation. Another mechanism is the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, promoting autooxidation by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inactivated in ischemic myocardium. Furthermore, decreased cytoplasmic inorganic phosphate concentration is also a contributing factor to myocardial ischemia. As an antioxidant, pyruvate can scavenge reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. Indirectly, supraphysiological levels of pyruvate may increase intracellular levels of reduced glutathione.

C3H4O3

88.0621

88.016

127-17-3

1060

Colorless to light yellow <11°C solid powder,>12°C liquid

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

165.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

11-12 °C(lit.)

54.3±15.2 °C

1.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C

1.417

-1.24

1

3

1

6

84

0

O([H])C(C(C([H])([H])[H])=O)=O

LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C3H4O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h1H3,(H,5,6)

2-oxopropanoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~1135.59 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL (~567.79 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.63 mg/mL (29.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 26.3 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (28.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (28.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (1135.59 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)