| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Targets |
The primary molecular target of Pulchinenoside A is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a major ionotropic glutamate receptor in the central nervous system that plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Pulchinenoside A acts as a noncompetitive regulator of NMDA receptors, meaning it binds to a site distinct from the glutamate binding site and modulates receptor activity in a use-dependent manner. This modulation can influence the influx of calcium ions into neurons, which is a key trigger for various intracellular signaling cascades involved in synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP). By regulating NMDA receptor activity, Pulchinenoside A may enhance synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain region essential for spatial memory formation. The compound's neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects are likely mediated through this interaction with NMDA receptors, although other targets may also contribute to its overall biological activity.
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| ln Vitro |
Pulchinenoside A demonstrates significant in vitro activity as a modulator of NMDA receptor function. While detailed electrophysiological data on its potency and efficacy at NMDA receptors are not provided in the available sources, its ability to improve synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices has been demonstrated. The compound's physicochemical properties include a molecular formula of C₄₁H₆₆O₁₂ and a molecular weight of approximately 750.96. It has a high LogP of 8.26, indicating significant lipophilicity, which may facilitate its penetration of the blood-brain barrier. The compound is supplied as a white to off-white solid powder with a purity of ≥98%. These properties make Pulchinenoside A a valuable tool for studying the role of NMDA receptors in cognitive function and for exploring its therapeutic potential in neurological disorders.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Pulchinenoside A has been shown to improve synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and enhance spatial memory in adult mice. These findings suggest that the compound can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert its effects on the central nervous system. The improvement in spatial memory, as assessed by behavioral tests such as the Morris water maze, indicates that Pulchinenoside A has the potential to enhance cognitive function. Its mechanism of action is likely related to its regulation of NMDA receptor activity and the consequent enhancement of synaptic plasticity. These in vivo effects make Pulchinenoside A a promising candidate for further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro biochemical assays for Pulchinenoside A are primarily focused on studying its interaction with NMDA receptors. Radioligand binding assays can be performed using membrane preparations from brain tissue or cells expressing NMDA receptors to determine the compound's binding affinity and binding site. Electrophysiological techniques, such as patch-clamp recording on cultured neurons or cells expressing NMDA receptors, can be used to assess the compound's modulatory effects on receptor function, including its impact on receptor currents and its mechanism of modulation (e.g., noncompetitive). Additionally, the compound's effects on synaptic plasticity can be studied in hippocampal slice preparations by measuring long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD).
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Pulchinenoside A are used to evaluate its effects on neuronal function and survival. Primary neuronal cultures or neuronal cell lines (e.g., SH-SY5Y, PC12) can be treated with the compound, and endpoints such as cell viability, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic protein expression can be measured. The compound's neuroprotective effects can be assessed in models of excitotoxicity or oxidative stress. For example, neurons can be exposed to glutamate or hydrogen peroxide in the presence or absence of the compound, and cell death can be quantified using assays such as LDH release or MTT. These assays help to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying the compound's neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Pulchinenoside A are typically conducted in rodent models to evaluate its effects on cognitive function and neuroprotection. A common model is the Morris water maze test, which assesses spatial learning and memory in mice or rats. In this test, animals are trained to find a hidden platform in a pool of water, and their performance is measured by the time taken and the path length. Pulchinenoside A is administered orally or intraperitoneally, and its effects on cognitive performance are assessed. Other behavioral tests, such as the novel object recognition test or the Y-maze, can also be used to evaluate different aspects of memory. Additionally, the compound's neuroprotective effects can be studied in models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as the amyloid-beta injection model of Alzheimer's disease.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Pulchinenoside A are not extensively documented in the available sources. As a triterpenoid saponin with a high molecular weight (approximately 750.96) and high lipophilicity (LogP 8.26), its oral bioavailability may be limited. However, its ability to exert effects on the central nervous system after systemic administration suggests that it can cross the blood-brain barrier to some extent. The compound is soluble in DMSO and can be formulated for in vivo administration. For long-term storage, it is stable as a powder at -20°C for up to three years or in solution at -80°C for up to two years.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Pulchinenoside A is not extensively documented in publicly available sources. As a natural product derived from a plant used in traditional medicine, it is generally considered to have a favorable safety profile. However, systematic toxicity studies, including acute, subchronic, and genotoxicity testing, would be required for its development as a therapeutic agent. For laboratory handling, standard safety precautions for research chemicals should be observed, including the use of personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety goggles) and working in a well-ventilated area. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic or diagnostic use.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Pulchinenoside A is a triterpenoid compound.
Pulchinenoside A is a natural triterpenoid saponin isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis. It is also known as AA3 or Pulsatilla saponin A. The compound has a molecular formula of C₄₁H₆₆O₁₂ and a molecular weight of approximately 750.96. It is supplied as a white to off-white solid powder with a purity of ≥98%. Its IUPAC name is (1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,8R,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-9-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5a,5b,8,11a-tetramethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-. Pulchinenoside A is a valuable tool for studying NMDA receptor function, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive enhancement. Its ability to improve spatial memory in mice makes it a promising candidate for further research into potential therapies for cognitive disorders. |
| Molecular Formula |
C41H66O12
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
750.95554
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| Exact Mass |
750.455
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| CAS # |
129724-84-1
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| Related CAS # |
Pulchinenoside C;129741-57-7
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| PubChem CID |
11721847
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.31
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| Boiling Point |
846.3±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
249.6±27.8 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.597
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| LogP |
8.26
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
53
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| Complexity |
1410
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
20
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](CO[C@H]2O[C@H]3CC[C@@]4([C@H]5CC[C@@H]6[C@H]7[C@@H](CC[C@@]7(CC[C@]6([C@@]5(CC[C@H]4[C@]3(C)CO)C)C)C(=O)O)C(=C)C)C)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
ISNDTNDJSXYNKT-DVIRKNLQSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C41H66O12/c1-20(2)22-10-15-41(36(48)49)17-16-39(6)23(28(22)41)8-9-26-37(4)13-12-27(38(5,19-42)25(37)11-14-40(26,39)7)52-35-33(30(45)24(43)18-50-35)53-34-32(47)31(46)29(44)21(3)51-34/h21-35,42-47H,1,8-19H2,2-7H3,(H,48,49)/t21-,22-,23+,24-,25+,26+,27-,28+,29-,30-,31+,32+,33+,34-,35-,37-,38-,39+,40+,41-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,8R,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-9-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5a,5b,8,11a-tetramethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~66.58 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (3.33 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (3.33 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (3.33 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.3316 mL | 6.6581 mL | 13.3163 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2663 mL | 1.3316 mL | 2.6633 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1332 mL | 0.6658 mL | 1.3316 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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