| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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Purity: ≥98%
Proguanil, also known as chlorguanide and chloroguanide, is a orally available medication used to treat and prevent malaria. It is an antimalarial prodrug that is metabolized to the active metabolite cycloguanil, a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. It is often used together with chloroquine or atovaquone. When used with chloroquine the combination will treat mild chloroquine resistant malaria. When used alone, proguanil functions as a prodrug. Its active metabolite, cycloguanil, is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Although both mammals and parasites produce DHFR, cycloguanil's inhibitory activity is specific for parasitic DHFR. This enzyme is a critical component of the folic acid cycle. Inhibition of DHFR prevents the parasite from recycling dihydrofolate back to tetrahydrofolate (THF). THF is required for DNA synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and methylation; thus, DHFR inhibition shuts down these processes.
| Targets |
Plasmodium
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Proguanil's efficacy against malaria in vitro is primarily dependent on Cycloguanil, its active metabolite, which has a much stronger antimalarial activity (IC50=2.4-19 μM). An inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is Cycloguanil. In vitro, the combination of proguanil and atovaquone works well together. Both medications are effective against malaria parasites in their pre-erythrocytic (hepatic) stages as well as gametocytes[1].
To increase the effects of atovaquone, proguanil functions as a biguanide instead of its metabolite, cycloguanil, which is an inhibitor of the parasite dihydrofolate reductase [DHFR]. Since proguanil does not change the effects of other mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors, such as myxothiazole and antimycin, its enhancement of atovaquone is specific[2]. Proguanil, 4-chlorophenyl-1-biguanide (CPB), and Cycloguanil (CG), the active metabolite, all reversibly inhibit 5-HT3 receptor responses with IC50 values of 1.81, 1.48, and 4.36 μM, respectively[3]. |
| ln Vivo |
Proguanil (p.o.; 2.9 mg/kg body weight; daily for 5 days and 6 weeks, respectively) causes mild degenerative changes in wistar strain albino rats for 5 days and severe degenerative changes for 6 weeks.Rats receiving proguanil treatment show a significant decrease in serum testosterone levels[4].
When Malarone (atovaquone and proguanil) is given to experimentally infected dogs with B. gibsoni in two chronic stages and three acute stages, the parasitemia levels drop and clinical improvements are seen[5]. |
| Cell Assay |
Sertoli cells from sixteen to eighteen-day-old rats are cultured and exposed to proguanil at concentrations of 0.3 μM to 10 μM for five days. The viability and integrity of the Sertoli cells' nuclei are then assessed. Additionally, transferrin and Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor's genetic expressions are evaluated[4].
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| Animal Protocol |
Rats: Proguanil (2.9 mg/kg body weight) is given daily to groups of ten to twelve-week-old rats for five days and six weeks, respectively. Following that, weights of the body and reproductive organs are recorded, sperm parameters are examined, and testicular and epididymal histology is performed. Moreover, serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone are measured[4].
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| References |
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| Molecular Formula |
C11H16CLN5
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|---|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
253.73
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| Exact Mass |
253.11
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 52.07; H, 6.36; Cl, 13.97; N, 27.60
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| CAS # |
500-92-5
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| Related CAS # |
Proguanil-d6;Proguanil hydrochloride;637-32-1;Proguanil-d4;1189805-15-9
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| SMILES |
N=C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)NC(NC(C)C)=N
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| InChi Key |
SSOLNOMRVKKSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H16ClN5/c1-7(2)15-10(13)17-11(14)16-9-5-3-8(12)4-6-9/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H5,13,14,15,16,17)
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| Chemical Name |
Biguanide, 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-
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| Synonyms |
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
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| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 51~130 mg/mL ( 201.0~512.36 mM )
Ethanol : ~51 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (8.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (8.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (8.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 10% DMSO+40% PEG300+5% Tween-80+45% Saline: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (8.55 mM) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9412 mL | 19.7060 mL | 39.4120 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7882 mL | 3.9412 mL | 7.8824 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3941 mL | 1.9706 mL | 3.9412 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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