| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 100mg | |||
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| Targets |
Progoitrin targets the thyroid gland through its conversion to goitrin, which inhibits thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Thyroid peroxidase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, catalyzing the iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin and the coupling of iodotyrosines to form T3 and T4. By inhibiting TPO, goitrin reduces thyroid hormone production, leading to increased TSH secretion and thyroid gland enlargement (goiter). Progoitrin itself is a thioglucoside that is converted to goitrin by myrosinase, an enzyme that is released when plant tissues are damaged. The compound's antithyroid activity makes it a goitrogen in animals that consume glucosinolate-containing plants.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, progoitrin is converted to goitrin by myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis. Goitrin inhibits thyroid peroxidase activity, as measured by enzyme assays using purified TPO or thyroid homogenates. The compound's antithyroid activity is concentration-dependent, with effective concentrations typically in the micromolar range. Progoitrin itself does not directly inhibit TPO; rather, its goitrin breakdown product is the active inhibitor. In cell-based assays, goitrin reduces thyroid hormone production in thyroid follicular cells. The compound's activity is typically assessed by measuring TPO activity, iodide uptake, or thyroid hormone production in cultured thyroid cells.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, progoitrin exhibits antithyroid activity in animals that consume glucosinolate-containing plants. After ingestion, progoitrin is converted to goitrin by myrosinase from the plant or from gut microbiota. Goitrin inhibits thyroid peroxidase, reducing thyroid hormone synthesis and leading to increased TSH secretion and thyroid enlargement. This goitrogenic effect has been observed in livestock and experimental animals fed cruciferous vegetables or glucosinolate-containing diets. The compound's in vivo effects are dose-dependent and influenced by dietary iodine intake. Progoitrin is primarily used as a research tool for studying thyroid function and the effects of dietary goitrogens.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro myrosinase activity assay for progoitrin typically uses purified myrosinase enzyme or plant extracts containing myrosinase. The assay is performed in 96-well plates with progoitrin as the substrate and varying concentrations of the test compound (if inhibition is being studied). The reaction is initiated by adding myrosinase and incubated at 37°C for 30-60 minutes. The production of glucose or the breakdown product goitrin is measured by enzymatic assays (e.g., glucose oxidase-peroxidase) or by HPLC. For thyroid peroxidase inhibition assays, purified TPO or thyroid homogenates are incubated with goitrin (produced from progoitrin) and iodide, and TPO activity is measured by the iodination of tyrosine or by the guaiacol oxidation assay. Positive controls (e.g., known TPO inhibitors) and negative controls (buffer) are included in each assay run.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular assays, thyroid follicular cell lines (e.g., FRTL-5, PCCL3) or primary thyroid cells are treated with progoitrin or its breakdown product goitrin at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µM for 24-72 hours. Thyroid hormone production (T3, T4) is measured by ELISA or RIA. TPO activity is assessed by measuring iodide organification or by Western blotting for TPO expression. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. For mechanism studies, the effects of goitrin on TPO activity and thyroid hormone synthesis are investigated. All experiments include appropriate controls (vehicle, known TPO inhibitors) and are performed in triplicate.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo goitrogenicity studies, rodents are fed diets containing progoitrin or glucosinolate-rich plant material (e.g., cabbage, Brussels sprouts) for 2-8 weeks. Progoitrin is administered via oral gavage at doses ranging from 10 to 100 mg/kg, typically daily. Thyroid function is assessed by measuring serum T3, T4, and TSH levels by ELISA or RIA. Thyroid weight is measured, and thyroid histology is examined for follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Iodine uptake is assessed by administering radioactive iodine (¹²⁵I or ¹³¹I) and measuring thyroid uptake. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of progoitrin have been partially characterized. Following oral administration, progoitrin is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in its intact form. It is converted to goitrin by myrosinase from plant material or gut microbiota. Goitrin is absorbed and distributed to tissues including the thyroid gland. The compound is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine. Plasma half-life of goitrin is short (approximately 1-2 hours). The compound's goitrogenic effects are dependent on the conversion of progoitrin to goitrin and the subsequent inhibition of TPO. Further PK studies are needed for comprehensive characterization.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicology of progoitrin is primarily related to its goitrogenic effects. Chronic consumption of glucosinolate-containing foods can lead to goiter and hypothyroidism in susceptible individuals and animals. In acute toxicity studies, progoitrin shows relatively low toxicity, with goitrogenic effects being the primary adverse outcome. The compound is not genotoxic in standard in vitro assays. The antithyroid effects are reversible upon removal of the goitrogen from the diet. Progoitrin is not approved for human therapeutic use and is primarily used as a research tool for studying thyroid function and dietary goitrogens.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Progoitrin is a stereoisomer of xi-propylthion, with its R substituent located on a carbon atom bearing an allyl hydroxyl group. It is a plant metabolite and the conjugate acid of propylthion(1-). Propylthion has been reported to be present in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and woad (Isatis tinctoria), and relevant data are available.
Progoitrin is a naturally occurring glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables, with antithyroid activity through its conversion to goitrin. It is the biosynthetic precursor to goitrin, which inhibits thyroid peroxidase. The compound is not approved for human use and is intended for research purposes only. It is available as a high-purity research reagent for laboratory use. Its antithyroid activity makes it a valuable tool for studying thyroid function, iodine metabolism, and the effects of dietary goitrogens. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H19NO10S2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
389.3993
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| Exact Mass |
389.045
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| CAS # |
585-95-5
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| PubChem CID |
5281139
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
-1.9
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
548
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
6
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| SMILES |
C=C[C@@H](CC(=NOS(=O)(=O)O)S[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
MYHSVHWQEVDFQT-ILPXZUKPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H19NO10S2/c1-2-5(14)3-7(12-22-24(18,19)20)23-11-10(17)9(16)8(15)6(4-13)21-11/h2,5-6,8-11,13-17H,1,3-4H2,(H,18,19,20)/t5-,6+,8+,9-,10+,11-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (3R)-3-hydroxy-N-sulfooxypent-4-enimidothioate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.5681 mL | 12.8403 mL | 25.6805 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5136 mL | 2.5681 mL | 5.1361 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2568 mL | 1.2840 mL | 2.5681 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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