| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
|
||
| 1g |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
PPAR-γ
PPARgamma (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma). 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol upregulates the expression of PPARgamma. It may also interact with other targets involved in prostaglandin synthesis (pGE2). |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
1-O-Hexadecylglycerol upregulates the expression of PPAR-gamma and inhibits PGE2 synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes. By activating PPAR-gamma, it suppresses the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key mediator of inflammation. The specific IC₅0 values for these effects are not provided. The compound exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol is reported to be effective when taken orally. Oral administration of the compound leads to absorption and biological effects. It can upregulate the expression of PPAR-gamma, inhibit pGE2, and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. The compound is used in research to study systemic anti-inflammatory effects and lipid metabolism.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
A general cell-free protocol for assessing PPARgamma activation: A time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) or fluorescence polarization (FP) competitive binding assay is used. Recombinant human PPARgamma ligand-binding domain (LBD) protein (GST-tagged) is incubated with a fluorescently labeled PPARgamma ligand (Fluormone PLM Red, 1 nM) in an assay buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 100 ug/mL BSA, 0.01% NaN3) at room temperature for 2 hours. Varying concentrations of 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol (0.01 uM to 100 uM) are added. The FP signal is measured using a microplate reader. The IC₅0 value is calculated, and the Kᵢ is derived. For coactivator recruitment assays, a LanthaScreen™ TR-FRET PPARgamma competitive binding assay kit can be used. GST-tagged PPARgamma LBD is incubated with a terbium-labeled anti-GST antibody, a fluorescein-labeled SRC2-2 coactivator peptide, and varying concentrations of the test compound. The TR-FRET signal is measured, and the EC₅0 for coactivator recruitment is calculated.
|
| Cell Assay |
A general cellular protocol for assessing PPARgamma activation and PGE2 inhibition: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) are cultured in keratinocyte growth medium. Cells are seeded in 6-well plates at 2×10⁵ cells/well. When cells reach 70-80% confluence, the medium is replaced with fresh medium containing various concentrations of 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol (1, 10, 50, 100 uM). After 24 hours of treatment, the cells are stimulated with 10 ng/mL of IL-1beta or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for an additional 24 hours to induce PGE2 production. The culture supernatant is collected, and PGE2 concentration is measured using an ELISA kit. For PPARgamma expression analysis, the cells are lysed, total RNA is extracted, and PPARgamma mRNA levels are quantified by qRT-PCR. For protein analysis, whole-cell lysates are subjected to Western blotting using anti-PPARgamma and anti-beta-actin antibodies. The effect of a PPARgamma antagonist (e.g., GW9662) can be tested to confirm the PPARgamma-dependent mechanism.
|
| Animal Protocol |
A general animal protocol for evaluating anti-inflammatory effects: Female Balb/c mice (6-8 weeks old) are used. 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol is formulated in corn oil or another suitable vehicle. The compound is administered via oral gavage at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg once daily for 7 days. On day 7, one hour after the last administration, inflammation is induced by injecting 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw. Paw volume is measured using a plethysmometer at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after carrageenan injection. The percentage inhibition of paw edema is calculated for each treatment group relative to the vehicle control group. At the end of the study, blood is collected, and serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and PGE2) are measured by ELISA. The paw tissues are harvested for histological examination (H&E staining) and for measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
General pharmacokinetic protocol for 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol: Male Sprague-Dawley rats are administered 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol via oral gavage (PO, 100 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV, 10 mg/kg) injection. The compound is formulated in a vehicle such as 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween-80, 45% saline. Blood samples are collected at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-dose. Plasma concentrations of 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol are quantified by LC-MS/MS using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in positive ion mode. PK parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, t½, clearance, Vd, and oral bioavailability F%) are calculated using non-compartmental analysis. Due to its lipophilic nature, the compound is expected to have high plasma protein binding and a large volume of distribution.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
It is safe at the current usage and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and usage information can be found at: https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org General toxicity protocol for 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol: A 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study is performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. 1-O-Hexadecylglycerol is administered via oral gavage at doses of 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day. A control group receives the vehicle only. Clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption are recorded daily. At the end of the study, blood samples are collected for hematology (complete blood count) and serum chemistry (ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, creatinine, total protein, albumin, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol). Gross necropsy is performed, and organ weights (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, brain, adrenals, testes) are recorded. Histopathological examination is conducted on these organs, with special attention to the liver and spleen. As an alkylglycerol, the compound is generally considered to have low toxicity. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
1-O-palmitylglycerol is an alkyl glycerol, specifically glycerol with a single palmityl (hexadecyl) substituent at the 1-position. Chimyl alcohol has been reported in Lobophytum and Doris montereyensis, and relevant data are available.
1-O-Hexadecylglycerol is also known as chimyl alcohol or 1-O-palmitylglycerol. The molecular formula is C1₉H40O3, and the molecular weight is 316.53 g/mol. The IUPAC name is 3-hexadecoxypropane-1,2-diol. The compound appears as a solid powder with a melting point of 60-65degC and a logP of 4.837. It is soluble in DMSO at 200 mg/mL (631.85 mM). For storage, the powder should be kept at -20degC for up to 3 years and at 4degC for up to 2 years. The compound has been reported to be present in Lobophytum and Doris montereyensis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C19H40O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
316.53
|
| Exact Mass |
316.298
|
| CAS # |
6145-69-3
|
| PubChem CID |
72733
|
| Appearance |
Solid powder
|
| Melting Point |
60-65ºC
|
| LogP |
4.837
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
18
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
22
|
| Complexity |
197
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(CO)O
|
| InChi Key |
OOWQBDFWEXAXPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H40O3/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-22-18-19(21)17-20/h19-21H,2-18H2,1H3
|
| Chemical Name |
3-hexadecoxypropane-1,2-diol
|
| Synonyms |
1-O-HDG; HXDG
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 200 mg/mL (631.85 mM; with sonication)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 5 mg/mL (15.80 mM)(Saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution, add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.1593 mL | 15.7963 mL | 31.5926 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6319 mL | 3.1593 mL | 6.3185 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3159 mL | 1.5796 mL | 3.1593 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
