| Targets |
Choline tosylate targets two distinct enzyme families: phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC). PLA2 hydrolyzes phospholipids to release arachidonic acid, a precursor for pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. PLC cleaves phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce the second messengers inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). By inhibiting these enzymes, Choline tosylate disrupts critical lipid signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, inflammation, and survival.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Choline tosylate is characterized as a nucleophilic compound that inhibits the enzymatic activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC). By inhibiting these phospholipases, it suppresses the formation of diacylglycerol (DAG), a crucial secondary messenger involved in activating protein kinase C (PKC) and other signaling cascades. This inhibition leads to downstream effects that can impact cell proliferation and survival pathways. No specific IC50 values for enzyme inhibition are reported.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies demonstrate that Choline tosylate effectively inhibits tumor growth in mouse models. This anti-tumor effect is attributed to its ability to inhibit the formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by suppressing the activities of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. By blocking DAG production, the compound interferes with critical lipid signaling pathways that support tumor cell proliferation and survival, thereby reducing tumor growth.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The binding of Choline tosylate to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) or phospholipase C (PLC) is not characterized by traditional receptor binding assays. Instead, its inhibitory activity is measured by standard phospholipase activity assays using purified enzymes. For PLA2, a fluorescently labeled phospholipid substrate (e.g., bis-BODIPY FL C11-PC) is used, and the increase in fluorescence due to substrate hydrolysis is monitored. For PLC, a PI-specific PLC assay uses phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) as a substrate, and the production of inositol phosphates is quantified. The concentration-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity is determined by adding varying concentrations of Choline tosylate.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular assays, cancer cell lines (e.g., HeLa, MCF-7, PC3) are seeded in 6- or 96-well plates and treated with Choline tosylate at graded concentrations (1-500 microM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability and proliferation are assessed by MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. For mechanistic studies, cells are treated with the compound for 0.5-24 hours, and DAG levels in the cell lysates are quantified using an enzymatic DAG assay kit. Diacylglycerol is extracted from the lysates and then enzymatically converted, and the product is measured colorimetrically or fluorometrically.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo evaluation of anti-tumor activity, 6-8-week-old female BALB/c nude mice are injected subcutaneously with human cancer cell lines (e.g., HeLa, MCF-7) to establish tumor xenografts (5 × 10⁶ cells/mouse). When tumors reach approximately 100-150 mm3, mice are randomized (n=8-10 per group). Choline tosylate is administered intraperitoneally (IP) or orally at doses ranging from 50-300 mg/kg once daily for 2-4 weeks. Tumor volumes are measured twice weekly with calipers. At the study endpoint, tumors are collected and weighed. Tumor lysates are analyzed for DAG levels and biomarkers of proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Choline tosylate (C12H21NO4S, MW = 275.36, CAS 55357-38-5) is a solid powder. It is also known as choline p-toluenesulfonate. For storage, the compound should be kept at -20degC sealed, away from moisture and light. For in vitro use, stock solutions in DMSO (100-200 mM) can be stored at -20degC for 1 month or at -80degC for 6 months. For in vivo use, it can be formulated in sterile saline or PBS. The compound is water-soluble due to its ionic nature. No detailed PK parameters are reported.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No specific toxicity data for Choline tosylate are reported in the search results. As a research-grade compound, it is not intended for human or veterinary use. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling chemicals should be followed, including the use of gloves, lab coat, and safety goggles. Choline is an essential nutrient, but the tosylate salt form may have different toxicity. No LD50 or formal toxicology studies are available.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Choline tosylate is a small molecule inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC). PLA2 enzymes are involved in the production of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids (inflammation), while PLC is a key enzyme in the phosphoinositide signaling pathway that produces the second messengers IP3 and DAG. DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC), which regulates cell growth and proliferation. By inhibiting DAG formation, Choline tosylate disrupts PKC signaling and has shown anti-tumor activity in preclinical models. The compound is for research use only and has not received regulatory approval for any indication.
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| Exact Mass |
275.119
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|---|---|
| CAS # |
55357-38-5
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| PubChem CID |
10923804
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Melting Point |
95°C
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| LogP |
1.664
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
240
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
DVGVMQVOCJNXNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H8O3S.C5H14NO/c1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)11(8,9)10;1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h2-5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10);7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium;4-methylbenzenesulfonate
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| Synonyms |
Choline p-toluenesulfonate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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