| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: =95.68%
| Targets |
Candidalysin targets host cell membranes as its primary site of action. It is a cytolytic peptide toxin that binds to and disrupts the integrity of the plasma membrane of host epithelial and endothelial cells. By forming pores, it causes membrane destabilization, leading to cell lysis, damage, and the release of danger signals. Additionally, candidalysin activates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling independently of its cytolytic activity, inducing host immune responses and promoting fungal gut commensalism.
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| ln Vitro |
Candidalysin is a pore-forming toxin that directly damages host cell membranes. In vitro, it induces epithelial cell damage through the activation of a MAPK phosphatase MKP1/c-Fos-dependent danger response. The toxin also promotes the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Interestingly, candidalysin has a direct inhibitory effect on bacterial species, limiting their metabolic output. Variations in its amino acid sequence influence its toxicity and host responses. The peptide destabilizes the plasma membrane of host cells, promoting disease and immunopathology.
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| ln Vivo |
Candidalysin drives innate immune responses and tissue damage in vivo. In mucosal models of infection, it triggers the innate type-17 response, which is critical for host defense against oral candidiasis. In systemic infection models, candidalysin is required to induce host responses. Additionally, the toxin promotes fungal gut commensalism by helping C. albicans compete with bacterial species in the intestinal niche. Candidalysin also induces ubiquitination of EGFR, revealing novel host-fungal interaction pathways. The toxin is essential for mucosal and systemic virulence.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The binding and pore-forming activity of candidalysin are measured using liposome permeabilization assays or artificial membrane systems (e.g., black lipid membranes). Purified recombinant candidalysin (1-100 uM) is added to liposomes loaded with a fluorescent dye (e.g., calcein). The increase in fluorescence due to dye leakage is measured, indicating pore formation. Membrane binding can be assessed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using immobilized lipid bilayers. No specific KD values are reported. The hemolytic activity of candidalysin is measured by incubating the peptide with red blood cells and quantifying hemoglobin release at 540 nm. For EGFR binding studies, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays using anti-EGFR antibodies are performed.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular assays, human oral epithelial cells (e.g., TR146 cells) or primary vaginal epithelial cells are seeded in 96-well plates (10,000-20,000 cells/well). Cells are treated with candidalysin (1-50 uM) for 0.5-24 hours. Cell damage is assessed by LDH release assay or by measuring ATP depletion. Intracellular calcium flux is measured using Fluo-4 AM fluorescence. Activation of MAPK signaling (phospho-c-Fos, phospho-ERK1/2) is assessed by Western blot. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF) is measured by ELISA. For NETosis assays, human neutrophils are isolated and treated with candidalysin, and NET formation is visualized by confocal microscopy.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo evaluation of candidalysin, 6-8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice are used. For oral candidiasis, mice are immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate and inoculated with C. albicans wild-type or ece1delta/delta (candidalysin-deficient) strains. Infection is assessed by fungal burden (CFU) on tongue homogenates, histological analysis (PAS staining), and cytokine levels (IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, TNF-alpha) in tongue homogenates by ELISA. For systemic infection, mice are injected intravenously with C. albicans, and survival is monitored. For gut commensalism, mice are treated with antibiotics and inoculated with C. albicans, and fecal fungal and bacterial loads are measured by CFU.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Candidalysin (C1₅1H23₇N4₅O4₈, MW = 3354.86) is a synthetic lyophilized peptide. For storage, the powder should be kept at -20degC or -80degC, sealed and protected from light. For in vitro use, stock solutions in sterile water or PBS (1-5 mg/mL) can be prepared and stored at -80degC for up to 6 months or at -20degC for up to 1 month. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The peptide is soluble in water and DMSO. For in vivo studies, candidalysin can be administered intravenously (IV) in saline or PBS. No detailed PK parameters are reported.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The cytolytic activity of candidalysin is itself a form of toxicity. At high concentrations, it causes direct damage to host cells and tissues. In animal models, candidalysin is essential for C. albicans virulence, and its deletion (ece1delta/delta) results in attenuated disease. As a research-grade compound, it is not intended for human or veterinary use. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling peptides (gloves, lab coat) should be followed. No LD50 or formal toxicology studies are available.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Candidalysin was identified in 2016 by researchers at the University of Aberdeen as the first cytolytic peptide toxin produced by a human fungal pathogen. It is encoded by the ECE1 gene and is secreted specifically by hyphae, the invasive form of C. albicans. The discovery of candidalysin revolutionized the understanding of candidiasis pathogenesis, as it is the primary driver of epithelial damage and inflammation during infection. Candidalysin has been studied for its role in mucosal infections (oral, vaginal), systemic infections, and gut commensalism. The toxin is a potential target for new antifungal therapies. The compound is for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C153H266N38O38S2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
3310.11
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| Exact Mass |
3308.953
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| CAS # |
1906866-53-2
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| PubChem CID |
172653498
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
40
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
116
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| Heavy Atom Count |
231
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| Complexity |
7370
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
37
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| SMILES |
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)N
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| InChi Key |
NGXRTWSYNSFXJC-JFBDVKPHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C153H266N38O38S2/c1-30-81(17)117(186-150(225)123(87(23)36-7)183-128(203)93(157)76-192)141(216)165-75-114(201)180-119(83(19)32-3)148(223)188-121(85(21)34-5)146(221)173-98(60-66-230-28)130(205)163-74-113(200)179-118(82(18)31-2)144(219)177-101(68-78(11)12)131(206)164-73-112(199)168-104(71-110(161)197)138(213)190-126(90(26)39-10)152(227)191-65-49-55-106(191)140(215)170-96(56-58-107(158)194)134(209)181-116(80(15)16)143(218)187-120(84(20)33-4)145(220)172-97(57-59-108(159)195)135(210)184-125(89(25)38-9)151(226)189-122(86(22)35-6)147(222)174-99(61-67-231-29)133(208)178-105(77-193)139(214)185-124(88(24)37-8)149(224)182-115(79(13)14)142(217)171-95(53-44-47-63-155)132(207)166-91(27)127(202)176-102(69-92-50-41-40-42-51-92)136(211)169-94(52-43-46-62-154)129(204)162-72-111(198)167-103(70-109(160)196)137(212)175-100(153(228)229)54-45-48-64-156/h40-42,50-51,78-91,93-106,115-126,192-193H,30-39,43-49,52-77,154-157H2,1-29H3,(H2,158,194)(H2,159,195)(H2,160,196)(H2,161,197)(H,162,204)(H,163,205)(H,164,206)(H,165,216)(H,166,207)(H,167,198)(H,168,199)(H,169,211)(H,170,215)(H,171,217)(H,172,220)(H,173,221)(H,174,222)(H,175,212)(H,176,202)(H,177,219)(H,178,208)(H,179,200)(H,180,201)(H,181,209)(H,182,224)(H,183,203)(H,184,210)(H,185,214)(H,186,225)(H,187,218)(H,188,223)(H,189,226)(H,190,213)(H,228,229)/t81-,82-,83-,84-,85-,86-,87-,88-,89-,90-,91-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,115-,116-,117-,118-,119-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]hexanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~25 mg/mL (~7.6 mM; with ultrasonication)
H2O: ~25 mg/mL (~7.6 mM; with ultrasonication) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (0.76 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (0.76 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.3021 mL | 1.5105 mL | 3.0210 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0604 mL | 0.3021 mL | 0.6042 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0302 mL | 0.1511 mL | 0.3021 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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