Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Calcium absorption primarily occurs in the duodenum via an active transcellular saturation absorption system stimulated and regulated by 1,25(OH)₂D. Additionally, calcium absorption also occurs in the jejunum and ileum, and even the colon, via a passive, vitamin D-independent cellular bypass pathway—although colonic absorption is only about 4% even at high intake levels. Ultimately, calcium absorption is largely dependent on intake—generally, lower intake leads to higher absorption, and higher intake to lower absorption. While calcium levoprene is considered a low-molecular-weight organic calcium ion that is readily absorbed through the intestinal wall, readily available data on its specific absorption are currently unavailable. Calcium is primarily excreted in urine and feces, but is also present in other bodily fluids and tissues, such as sweat. Overall, healthy adult men and women lose approximately 5 mmol/day of calcium through renal excretion, while endogenous fecal calcium loss is approximately 2.1 mg/kg/day in adults and approximately 1.4 mg/kg/day in children. 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth, supporting their structure and function. The remaining 1% or less of calcium is used to maintain important metabolic functions, such as vasoconstriction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve conduction, intracellular signal transduction, and hormone secretion. Although there are individual differences, general clinical laboratory tests will list some reference values for calcium clearance, such as urinary calcium of approximately <250 mg/24 h, which are considered to be within the "normal range".

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Although calcium levonate dissociates into absorbable calcium ions after entering the body, studies have shown that levonate is metabolized into 4-hydroxyvalerate—a compound whose pharmacological effects are similar to those of the "date rape drug" gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, but with lower potency.

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Biological Half-Life
Currently, there is no readily available data on the half-life of calcium levulinate.

Protein Binding
Currently, there is no readily available data on the binding of levulinic calcium, although many different calcium-binding proteins exist, with varying distributions in cells and tissues and participating in specific biological functions. These proteins include calmodulin, calcium-binding proteins, calreticulin, and calmophosphatase.

Calcium levulinate is prepared by the direct reaction of L-levulinic acid (or levulinic acid) with calcium hydroxide. When used as a calcium supplement, the resulting calcium levulinate preparation has a high calcium content, exceeding that of typical calcium lactate by 14.8%. This preparation is considered a low-molecular-weight organic calcium ion, readily absorbed by the intestinal wall. This novel calcium preparation is intended as a food fortifier, supplementing calcium in sauces, condiments, beer, beverages, soft drinks, milk and dairy products, soy milk and soy products, and other foods. Calcium levulinate can be used alone or in combination with calcium lactate, calcium chloride, and other compounds to prepare pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, capsules, or injections.
See also: Ferrous sulfate (related); Calcium ions (containing the active portion).

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Drug Indication
This novel calcium supplement is intended for use as a food fortifier, enhancing the calcium content of foods such as sauces, condiments, beer, beverages, soft drinks, milk and dairy products, soy milk and soy products. Calcium levulinate can be used alone or in combination with calcium lactate, calcium chloride, and other compounds in the preparation of pharmaceuticals such as tablets, capsules, or injections. Overall, calcium levulinate is a relatively new calcium supplement option.

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Mechanism of Action
Similar to most calcium supplements, calcium levulinate dissociates in the body after ingestion, and the supplemented calcium ions are absorbed through the intestinal wall, thereby increasing the body's calcium stores. Lecithinic acid (LA) is a commonly used chemical substance with an internal structure containing a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, and an α-hydrogen atom, belonging to the short-chain non-volatile fatty acid family. Furthermore, the carbon-oxygen double bond in the LA carbonyl group is highly polar; the oxygen atom has a stronger electron-withdrawing ability than the carbon atom, so π electrons eventually transfer to the more electronegative oxygen atom, forming a positive charge center on the carbon atom. This electrophilic center of the carbon atom plays a crucial role in the chemical reactions of the carbonyl group. Due to the strong electron acceptor effect of the carbonyl oxygen atom, LA has a higher dissociation constant than common saturated acids, thus exhibiting stronger acidity. In addition, due to the presence of the carbonyl group, LA can isomerize to its enol isomer. The chemical structure of LA therefore possesses multiple highly active sites, making it a suitable chemical platform for the preparation of a variety of other chemical products. For example, the unique structure of LA enables it to generate a variety of products through a variety of methods such as esterification, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidative dehydrogenation and/or condensation.

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Pharmacodynamics
Calcium levulinate is prepared by the direct reaction of L-levulinic acid (or levulinic acid) with calcium hydroxide. When used as a calcium supplement, the resulting calcium levulinate preparation has a high calcium content, exceeding that of typical calcium lactate by 14.8%. Furthermore, this preparation exhibits a solubility exceeding 30% at 25°C. Calcium levulinate is considered non-toxic and non-allergenic, making it particularly suitable for injection or infusion. It has been reported to have a pleasant taste, low irritation (pH 7), and good stability, without precipitation or deterioration during use. Finally, this calcium levulinate preparation demonstrates good compatibility with calcium lactate, calcium chloride, and other compounds, enabling it to effectively form complexes with a variety of food and pharmaceutical preparations.

C10H18CAO8

306.3231

270.041

5743-49-7

68651

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

242.9ºC at 760 mmHg

121.0 to 125.0 °C

115ºC

0.726

2

8

4

19

101

0

CC(=O)CCC(=O)[O-].CC(=O)CCC(=O)[O-].O.O.[Ca+2]

WQFDRFDIWAMOPA-UHFFFAOYSA-L

InChI=1S/2C5H8O3.Ca.2H2O/c2*1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8;;;/h2*2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8);;2*1H2/q;;+2;;/p-2

calcium;4-oxopentanoate;dihydrate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples